Zoonotic emergence requires spillover from animals to humans, hence animal-human interactions. A lot has been emphasized on human intrusion into wild habitats (e.g

https://peercommunityjournal.org/item/10.24072/pcjournal.206.pdf

Zoonotic emergence at the animal-environment-human interface: the forgotten urban socio-ecosystems

Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease present in the Americas, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted by triatomine kissing bug vectors. Hundreds of vertebrate host species are involved in the ecology of Chagas disease. The sylvatic nature of most triatomines found in the United States accounts for high levels of animal infections but few reports of human infections. This review focuses on triatomine distributions and animal infections in the southern United States. A quantitative synthesis of available US data from triatomine bloodmeal analysis studies shows that dogs, humans, and rodents are key taxa for feeding triatomines. Imperfect and unvalidated diagnostic tools for wildlife complicate the study of animal T. cruzi infections, and integrated vector management approaches are needed to reduce parasite transmission in nature. The diversity of animal species involved in Chagas disease ecology underscores the importance of a One Health approach for disease research and management. 

Chagas Disease Ecology in the United States: Recent Advances in Understanding Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission Among Triatomines, Wildlife, and Domestic Animals and a Quantitative Synthesis of Vector–Host Interactions

Transmission of Chagas disease (CD) has decreased in recent decades, but the disease remains an important problem in endemic areas. There was an increase in the proportion of nonvector transmission, mainly in non-endemic countries. The aim of this study was to gather evidence concerning healthcare professional's knowledge about CD. Searches were performed through Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science databases, and Scielo archives, from which 13/97 articles were selected for a qualitative analysis after full-text reading. Most of the studies were from the United States, the oldest published in 2007 and the most recent in 2020, and most of them used surveys as the evaluation method. Each article used different methods, according to the epidemiological status of vector transmission. Two studies targeted specialty-related questions, and two used focus groups as methods for data gathering. Despite differences between the studies, all of them presented knowledge deficits among healthcare workers, regarding at least one of the evaluated aspects. In comparison with population surveys, healthcare professionals demonstrated higher results related to clinical aspects and awareness of the disease's importance. Most of the articles showed a low perception of CD's knowledge by the participants and a low probability of considering CD in the diagnosis of their patients. A previous contact with the subject was pointed by some studies as capable of improving knowledge of the participants. This study emphasizes the importance of continuing education to address deficits of healthcare professionals' knowledge.

/pdf/healthcare-workers-knowledge-about-chagas-disease-a-50ekqpqli4.pdf

Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge about Chagas Disease: A Systematic Review

Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease in humans. Transmission of T cruzi by triatomine vectors is dependent on diverse environmental and socioeconomic factors. Climate change, which is disrupting patterns of human habitation and land use, can affect the epidemiology of Chagas disease by influencing the distribution of vector and host species. We conducted a review using triatomine distribution as a proxy for T cruzi transmission in North America (Canada, Mexico, and the USA) and central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) and investigated the association of T cruzi transmission with climate change, identifying 12 relevant studies. Most studies (n=9) modelled the effect of the scenario of climate change on the distribution of relevant vector species and found that global warming could sometimes favour and sometimes hinder triatomine distribution. There is a need for more research in parasite biology and social sciences to further understand how climate change and socioeconomic factors can affect the epidemiology of this neglected tropical disease. 

Climate change and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in North and central America

Triatomines are vectors of Chagas disease. Due to failures in their control, there is an urgent need for more efficient and environmentally friendly monitoring and control tools. These hematophagous insects rely heavily on chemical information from the environment to detect hosts and cues/signals from conspecifics. Chemical ecology includes the elucidation of the functional role of chemicals mediating interactions between organisms. Studies on the chemical ecology of triatomines are leading to novel methods for their monitor and control. Thus, laboratory tests to develop chemical attractants and repellents are promissory and have led to the design of, for example, efficient baited traps. However, the monitoring and control tools proposed until now have not been as effective in the field. 

Highlights, challenges, and perspectives in basic and applied chemical ecology of triatomines.

Eleven triatomine species, the vector for Chagas disease, are endemic in the southern U.S. While traditionally thought to only occur in rural habitats and sylvatic transmission cycles, rec...

Identification of Triatomines and Their Habitats in a Highly Developed Urban Environment

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Identification of Triatomines and Their Habitats in a Highly Developed Urban Environment