The general packet radio service (GPRS) is a new bearer service for GSM that greatly improves and simplifies wireless access to packet data networks, e.g., to the Internet. It applies a packet radio principle to transfer user data packets in an efficient way between mobile stations and external packet data networks. This tutorial gives an introduction to GPRS. The article discusses the system architecture and its basic functionality. It explains the offered services, the session and mobility management, the routing, the GPRS air interface including channel coding, and the GPRS protocol architecture. Finally, an interworking example between GPRS and IP networks is shown.

GSM Phase 2+ General Packet Radio Service GPRS : Architecture, Protocols, and Air Interface(EXTENDED ABSTRACT OF THE IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS)

Teleophthalmology is gaining importance as an effective eye care delivery modality worldwide. In many developing countries, teleophthalmology is being utilized to provide quality eye care to the underserved urban population and the unserved remote rural population. Over the years, technological innovations have led to improvement in evidence and teleophthalmology has evolved from a research tool to a clinical tool. The majority of the current teleophthalmology services concentrate on patient screening and appropriate referral to experts. Specialty care using teleophthalmology services for the pediatric group includes screening as well as providing timely care for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Among geriatric eye diseases, specialty teleophthalmology care is focused toward screening and referral for diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and other sight-threatening conditions. Comprehensive vision screening and refractive error services are generally covered as part of most of the teleophthalmology methods. Over the past decades, outcome assessment of health care system includes patients' assessments on their health, care, and services they receive. Outcomes, by and large, remain the ultimate validators of the effectiveness and quality of medical care. Teleophthalmology produces the same desired clinical outcome as the traditional system. Remote portals allow specialists to provide care over a larger region, thereby improving health outcomes and increasing accessibility of specialty care to a larger population. A high satisfaction level and acceptance is reported in the majority of the studies because of increased accessibility and reduced traveling cost and time. Considering the improved quality of patient care and patient satisfaction reported for these telemedicine services, this review explores how teleophthalmology helps to improve patient outcomes.

/pdf/teleophthalmology-improving-patient-outcomes-4qlw9lgh5r.pdf

Teleophthalmology: improving patient outcomes?

The objective of this review was to identify and describe telehealth models of care for ophthalmic services. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to identify how ophthalmic care can be delivered by telehealth. We searched the PubMed database to identify relevant articles which were screened based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. For included articles, data were extracted, categorised and analysed. Synthesis of findings was performed narratively. The scoping review included 78 articles describing 62 discrete tele-ophthalmic models of care. Tele-ophthalmic models of care can be used for consultative service, screening, triage and remote supervision. The majority of services were for general eye care and triage (n = 17; 26%) or emergency services (n = 8; 12%). The most common conditions for disease-specific models of care were diabetic retinopathy (n = 14; 21%), and glaucoma (n = 8; 12%). Most models of care involved local clinicians capturing images and transmitting them to an ophthalmologist f...

Models of care in tele-ophthalmology: A scoping review.

Telemedicine and tele-ophthalmology have been in existence since many years, but have recently gained more importance in the present scenario of pandemic COVID-19 The attitude and perception of the doctors and patients has been changing gradually Telemedicine has many advantages including providing care in inaccesible areasIn the present scenario, tele-ophthalmology gives an oppurtunity to patient for seeking consultation while also protecting against the contagion There are many barriers faced by the patients and doctors that have restricted use of this technology in the past However, with a systematic approach to designing the best suited technology, these barriers can be overcome and user friendly platforms can be created Furthermore, the demand and use of teleconsulation had increased presently in this area of pandemic Recent survey conducted by the All India Ophthalmological Society also reveals that many ophthalmologists who have not used tele-ophthalmology in the past are more keen to use it presently In this article, we have reviewed telemedicine and tele-ophthalmology literature on Google and PubMed to get a holistic idea towards teleconsultation, its advantages, increased importance and prefrence during COVID-19 pandemic and various barriers faced so that the known challenges can be understood, which can pave way for better understanding and future incorporation into practice

Tele-ophthalmology: Need of the hour.

Scoping review and evaluation of SMS/text messaging platforms for mHealth projects or clinical interventions

The quick progress in technology has brought new paradigms to the computing area, bringing with them many benefits to society. The paradigm of ubiquitous computing brings innovations applying computing in people's daily life without being noticed. For this, it has used the combination of several existing technologies like wireless communications and sensors. Several of the benefits have reached the medical area, bringing new methods of surgery, appointments and examinations. This work presents telemedicine software that adds the idea of ubiquity to the medical area, innovating the relation between doctor and patient. It also brings security and confidence to a patient being monitored in homecare.

AngelCare mobile system: Homecare patient monitoring using Bluetooth and GPRS.

Currently, Diabetes is a very common disease around the world, and with an increase in sedentary lifestyles, obesity and an aging population the number of people with Diabetes worldwide will increase by more than 50%. In this context, the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) developed the SANA platform, which brings the benefits of information technology to the field of healthcare. It offers healthcare delivery in remote areas, improves patient access to medical specialists for faster, higher quality, and more cost effective diagnosis and intervention. For these reasons, we developed a system for diagnosis of Diabetes using the SANA platform, called S2DIA. It is the first step towards knowing the risks for type 2 Diabetes, and it will be evaluated, especially, in remote/poor areas of Brazil.

S2DIA: A Diagnostic System for Diabetes mellitus using SANA platform

Cataract is the main cause of reversible vision impairment in developed countries, and at the age of 70, almost all of them will have developed some degree of it. ‘Cataract’ is the name given to any congenital or acquired opacity in the natural lens capsule or substance of the eye. In this context, this paper presents TriOft, an embedded teleophthalmology system, which uses the smartphone, for cataract screening. This application makes possible using the cell phone as a tool, considering its easiness for handling and transporting, as well as the benefits for the more remote regions, where there is no an easy access to a doctor, specialized or not.

Development of an Application for Aid in Cataract Screening

Industrial automation has been the focus of many studies owing to the need for increased production in the market and constant technological developments. Thus, the concepts of industrial automation have been incorporated into the medical area for some time, and are now being used in hospital automation. However, the hospital environment still not being properly automated and the automation that does exist is only found in a few processes. Several studies have been developed and are usually addressed most of the problems involved in processes with automation potential, such as: security, communication, reliability and performance of applications, biomedical devices, systems usability, logical and temporal consistency, among others.

/pdf/mobile-technologies-applied-to-hospital-automation-4j5fvpvvq4.pdf

Mobile Technologies Applied to Hospital Automation

Wireless Monitoring of Patients Vital Signs

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