List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Problem 8 Chapter 2: The Sources of the Gender Gap in Political Participation 33 Chapter 3: Why Women Don't Speak 51 Chapter 4: The Deliberative Justice Experiment 97 Chapter 5: Speech as a Form of Participation: Floor Time and Perceived Influence 114 Chapter 6: What Makes Women the "Silent Sex" When Their Status Is Low? 143 Chapter 7: Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? 167 Chapter 8: Unpacking the Black Box of Interaction 200 Chapter 9: When Women Speak, Groups Listen--Sometimes: How and When Women's Voice Shapes the Group's Generosity 239 Chapter 10: Gender Inequality in School Boards 273 Conclusion 305 Appendixes 359 References 409 Index 445

The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions

This article analyzes two data sets to determine differences in print media coverage of Elizabeth Dole and five other Republican contenders for the presidential nomination in 1999: George W. Bush, John McCain, Alan Keyes, Gary Bauer, and Steve Forbes. Our findings indicate that Dole received a differential amount and type of print media coverage that was decidedly gendered and may have hindered her candidacy. Dole did not receive an amount of media coverage consistent with her standing as the number two candidate in the polls throughout the time period we examined, and the press paid more attention to Dole's personality traits and appearance than to the traits and appearance of other candidates. Journalists also repeatedly framed Dole as the “first woman” to be a serious presidential candidate and focused on her gender more than any other aspect of her candidacy, suggesting implicitly, if not explicitly, that she was a novelty in the race rather than a strong contender with a good chance of winning.

“She Brought Only a Skirt”: Print Media Coverage of Elizabeth Dole's Bid for the Republican Presidential Nomination

Do the media cover men and women politicians and candidates differently? This article performs a systematic analysis of 90 studies covering over 25,000 politicians in over 750,000 media stories, and presents the accumulated knowledge in a comprehensive theoretical framework. The paper shows that there is a gender bias in the amount of coverage of politicians in proportional electoral systems, where women politicians lag behind men in media attention, but that, surprisingly, this gender bias is absent in majoritarian electoral systems. In addition, we systematically review gender differences in the content of media reports on political candidates, such as differences in attention to private life and family, viability and horse-race coverage, issue coverage, and gender stereotypes. Overall, women politicians receive more attention to their appearance and personal life, more negative viability coverage, and, to some extent, stereotypical issue and trait coverage. We conclude by pointing out promising avenues for future research.

/pdf/gender-differences-in-political-media-coverage-a-meta-3a8scl9p3r.pdf

Gender Differences in Political Media Coverage: A Meta-Analysis

Studies examining newspaper coverage of gubernatorial and senatorial candidates running in the 1980s found women to be at a disadvantage compared to men Although women are still underrepresented as senators and governors, they have increased their numbers in more recent years With greater representation, has press coverage become more gender neutral? To answer this important question, coverage of men and women senatorial and gubernatorial candidates running between 1992 and 2000 is analyzed Findings suggest, in general, that newspaper coverage of candidates has become increasingly gender-balanced Although certain disparities exist, some differences now actually favor women candidates Some possible explanations for more balanced newspaper coverage are also discussed

Women Candidates and the Media: 1992-2000 Elections

As female candidates may face greater challenges in establishing their “qualifications” for office, coverage of their personal traits may be pernicious, because it tends to de-emphasize substantive...

Traits versus Issues How Female Candidates Shape Coverage of Senate and Gubernatorial Races

Foreword - Pat Schroeder. The White House: The Ultimate Prize - the Editors. THE STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL EQUALITY. Breaking the Glass Ceiling - M.J. Skidmore. Paving the Way: The Work of the Women's Movement - A.N. Costain. Changing the Climate of Expectations - E. Falk and K. Hall Jamieson. Profile: Shirley Chisholm, Blazing Trails. THE CAMPAIGN. Obtaining the Nomination: The Role of Parties - M. Haussman. Fundraising Issues for Female Candidates - V.A. Farrar-Myers. Communication on the Way to the White House - D. Bystrom. Public Discourse - C.L. Bower. Profile: Pat Schroeder, The Campaign that Wasn't. THE MEDIA, VOTERS, AND PUBLIC OPINION. Media Coverage of Campaign Firsts - D.J. Heith. Is America Ready for a Woman President? - C. Kennedy. Gender, Race, and the Oval Office - A. Gordon and J. Miller. Profile: Geraldine Ferraro, Media Coverage of History in the Making. GOVERNING. Leadership: Governance from a Woman's Perspective - L. Cox Han. A Female Leader for the Free World: Foreign Policy Issues - T. Lansford. Confronting the Myths: A Question of National Security - J. Davis. Profile: Elizabeth Dole, Executive Leadership. CONCLUSION. Madam President: Sooner or Later? - K. O'Connor.

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Anticipating Madam President