The dawn of 3D printing in medicals has pinned the domain with hopes of vitality in many patients combating with multitude of diseases. Also entitled as Bio-printing, this is appertained to its sequential printing of precursor ink, embodying cells and polymer/composite, in predetermined trajectory. Precursor ink, in addition to cells, constitutes predominantly hydrogels ascribed to its biodegradability and mimic ability of body's anatomy and mechanical features, e.g. bones, etc. This review paper is devoted to explicate bio-printing (3D/4D) of alginate hydrogels, which are the extract from brown algae, through extrusion additive manufacturing. Alginates are salt derivative of alginic acid and constitute long chain of polysaccharides, which furnishes pliability and gelling adeptness to its structure. Alginate hydrogel (employed for extrusion) can be pristine or composite relying on the requisite properties (target application controlled or in-vivo environment) e.g. Alginate-natural (gelatin/agarose/collagen/hyaluronic acid/etc.) and Alginate-synthetic (polyethylene glycol (PEG)/pluronic F127/etc.). Extrusion additive manufacturing of Alginate is preponderate among others with its uncomplicated processing, material efficiency (cut down on wastage), and outspread adaptability for viscosities (0.03-6*104 Pa.s) but the procedure is limited by resolution(200 ?m) in addition to accuracy. However, 3D-fabricated bio-structures display rigidness (unvarying with conditions) that lacks smart response which is reassured by accounting time feature as noteworthy accessory to printing, interpreting as 4D Bio-printing. This review propounds specific processing itinerary for alginate (meanwhile traversing across its composites/blends with natural and synthetic consideration) in extrusion along with its pre-/during/post-processing parameters intrinsic to process. Furthermore, propensity is also presented in its (Alginate extrusion processing) application for tissue engineering, i.e. bones, cartilage (joints), brain (neural), ear, heart (cardiac), eyes (corneal), etc. due to worldwide quandary over accessibility to natural organs for diverse kinds of diseases. Additionally, the review contemplates recently invented advance printing i.e. 4D printing for biotic species with its challenges and future opportunities.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1758-5090/ab331e/pdf

Review of alginate-based hydrogel bioprinting for application in tissue engineering.

Inkjet printing is recognised as an efficient method for direct deposition of functional materials on flexible substrates in predesigned patterns owing to simple processing, low cost and higher adaptability for large scale fabrication of electronic devices, sensors, light emitting diodes, etc. Inks used in inkjet printing mostly consist of organic polymers, metal nanoparticles and carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. For effectiveness of the printing process, the fluid dynamic parameters such as viscosity and surface tension, as well as dimensionless quantities such as the Weber number, Reynolds number, and Ohnesorge number, must be within a suitable limit. More frequently, this process suffers due to the formation of a coffee ring during the post printing process, which affects the morphology as well as electrical conductivity of the printed pattern. In this review, we have summarized the various aspects of inks such as fluid dynamical parameters of inks, mechanism of the coffee ring formation, different types of ink preparation strategies and their applications in sensors, thin film transistors, and energy storage devices.

A review on inkjet printing of nanoparticle inks for flexible electronics

Advancements in nanofibers for wound dressing: A review

Nanocellulose based biodegradable polymers

Breakthrough in the printing tactics for stimuli-responsive materials: 4D printing

The miniaturization of electronics has been following Moore's Law for decades and has resulted in the development of sequentially evolutionized multifunctional nanoengineered devices. The conventional electronic devices are processed over planar hierarchically nanopatterned substrates having mechanical rigidity and stiffness which limit the degree of utility due to its inability to interface with soft curvilinear morphology, brittle nature, and inferior optical transparency. However, flexible substrates assembled over polymeric framework would, therefore, play a key role by offering light weighted thin film architecture, wearability, improved optical transparency, and morphological configuration to curvilinearity. The flexibility of substrate is defined when the material is processed such that individual component complies to a comparable degree of bending without deterioration of electronic/optoelectronic performance. Since the fabricated structure is pliable, the mechanical integrity of the stru...

Flexible Polymeric Substrates for Electronic Applications

Nonwoven fabric composite formulating polycarbonate (PC) and CuPc was fabricated using electrospun (CuPc: 0 to 10 wt%). Spatial presence of CuPc in composites was ascertained by virtue of F...

Dielectric and conductivity investigation of polycarbonate-copper phthalocyanine electrospun nonwoven fibres for electrical and electronic application

Hierarchical Electrospun Super-Hydrophobic Nanocomposites of Fluoroelastomer

Fractals have unique properties such as self-similarity and space-filling. The use of fractal geometry in antenna design provides a good method for achieving the desired miniaturization, multi-band, and wideband properties. In this communication, novel fractal geometry is proposed based on which a multiband antenna is designed. The proposed antenna has fractal patches which are shaped as different iterations of an eight- pointed star. The multiband behavior is in the frequency range from 4.50 to 17.00 GHz. The proposed antenna is designed on a dielectric substrate Roggers RO4003 lossy with a dielectric constant of e r  = 3.55. The antenna has applications in commercial and military communication system.

Novel star-shaped fractal antenna for multiband applications

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Flexible Polymeric Substrates for Electronic Applications

Dielectric and conductivity investigation of polycarbonate-copper phthalocyanine electrospun nonwoven fibres for electrical and electronic application

Hierarchical Electrospun Super-Hydrophobic Nanocomposites of Fluoroelastomer

Novel star-shaped fractal antenna for multiband applications