Transportation electrification has attracted much attention in modern society. Among all electrified transportation tools, electric vehicle (EV) is absolutely the one that has great potential to compete with and further take the place of traditional fossil fuel vehicles. This article is to outline and investigate advanced electric machines and their control strategies for EV applications. The key is not only to reveal new design ideas, topologies, structures, methodologies, control strategies, pros and cons, and foresight for advanced electric machines but also to fully integrate these ideas into practical EV applications. This critical review will clarify the development trends of electric machines and their controls.

A Critical Review of Advanced Electric Machines and Control Strategies for Electric Vehicles

To improve misalignment tolerance for an inductive power transfer (IPT) system, a third-coil is employed to reversely connect with the primary coil of the loosely coupled transformer (LCT) in series The LCT with a third-coil (LCT-TC) not only can improve the misalignment performance in x - and y -directions, but also does not affect the inherent output characteristics (such as constant current or voltage output) of original compensation topologies In addition, the proposed approach can keep the IPT system operating with relatively high efficiency against misalignment Then, a detailed design method of LCT-TC is presented Finally, a double-side LCC-compensated IPT system is chosen as an example to verify the feasibility of proposed LCT-TC A 34-kW prototype is constructed, and experimental results show that the proposed method has a good misalignment performance The LCC-LCC IPT system with LCT-TC can retain 96% of the well-aligned power at 40% misalignment, and the end-to-end (dc–dc) overall system efficiency is at least 92% Besides, the fluctuation of the output current is [–2%, 5%] while the load varies from 15 to 34 Ω within 40% misalignment

Improving Misalignment Tolerance for IPT System Using a Third-Coil

Model predictive current control (MPCC) is a high-performance control strategy for permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, with the features of quick response and simple computation. However, the conventional MPCC results in high torque and current ripples. This article proposes an improved MPCC scheme for PMSM drives. In the proposed scheme, the back electromotive force is estimated from the previous stator voltage and current, and it is used to predict the stator current for the next period. To further improve the steady state and dynamic performance, the proposed MPCC selects the optimal voltage vector based on a current track circle instead of a cost function. Compared with the calculation of cost function, the prediction of the current track circle is simple and quick. The proposed MPCC is compared with conventional MPCC and a duty-circle based MPCC by simulation and experiment in the aspect of converter output voltage and sensitivity analysis. Results prove the superiority of the proposed MPCC and its effectiveness in reducing the torque and current ripples of PMSM drives.

An Improved Model Predictive Current Control for PMSM Drives Based on Current Track Circle

A new method for the transient analysis of induction machines with saturating leakage reactances is presented. The equations which define operation under this condition are arranged so that the saturation of stator and rotor leakage as well as magnetizing reactance can be readily modeled with three function generators. The method is equally applicable to the analysis of synchronous machines.

Modeling andSimulation ofInduction Motorswith Saturable Leakage Reactances

An engineering design optimization problem can be formulated as a search of the solution space for which the relationships among various groups of attributes are given. The search can be also conducted for a multicriteria optimization. The paper discusses three classes of problems associated with multicriteria optimization in engineering design. First, multicriteria optimization methods with a single domination relationship are reviewed. Next, such methods with many domination functions are discussed. The last part of the paper focuses on the search when the ideal solution, or solutions, are known, but they are infeasible and the solutions sought should come as close as possible.

Multicriteria Optimization in Engineering Design

Permanent magnet motors and induction motors are used in many electric vehicles (EVs) and synchronous reluctance motors have been used in some experimental EVs. However, none of them meet all the objectives of high efficiency, high power density, and low cost. In this paper, a dual-rotor motor (DRM) is proposed with potential application in EVs. The proposed motor is a proof of concept and is unique because it uses a synchronous and an asynchronous rotor. A conceptual analysis and mechanical configuration of this motor are presented in this paper, and the experimental demonstration of its working principle is also presented. The preliminary results, presented in this paper, show that a DRM with two different rotor types (synchronous and asynchronous) is feasible, and this opens a new direction in R&D of such motors.

Design, Prototyping, and Testing of a Dual-Rotor Motor for Electric Vehicle Application

The electric drive powertrain is a key part of an electric vehicle (EV). The performance and efficiency of an EV largely depend on its powertrain. In this paper, two induction motor based powertrains, one with constant and other having variable DC-link bus voltage (V dc ) are investigated from efficiency viewpoint. The variable V dc is achieved using a DC-DC converter between inverter and input DC source. A technique to calculate the required V dc for different operating condition of powertrain is also proposed. Both the powertrains are operated for wide speed and torque ranges. Efficiency maps for different parts of powertrains and complete system are presented for both the cases. It is experimentally observed that powertrain configuration with variable V dc operates at higher efficiency in comparison to powertrain with constant V dc .

Efficiency investigation for electric vehicle powertrain with variable DC-link bus voltage

Among various types of motors, permanent magnet (PM) motors, due to their high energy density, are mainly used for electric-based propulsion systems. In this paper, an improved analytical model for PM motor has been presented. The model considers important factors, such as armature reaction, slotting effect, and influence of non-linear material property on motor’s behavior. Moreover, the main contributions of this paper are the representation of stator windings with exact winding width using Fourier series and the consideration of effects of non-linear ferromagnetic material property. Using this model, it is possible to determine air-gap magnetic field, flux linkage, back electromotive force, cogging torque, and electromagnetic torque with high accuracy. Results from the proposed model are compared with other analytical model and also with those from a finite-element analysis (FEA). The results obtained from the proposed method match closely with the FEA.

Analytical Model for Permanent Magnet Motor With Slotting Effect, Armature Reaction, and Ferromagnetic Material Property

The use of multiobjective optimization technique in determining the values of the steady-state equivalent circuit parameters of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine is discussed. The identification procedure is based on the steady state phase current versus slip and torque versus slip characteristics. Nonlinearities in the Induction machine such as saturation effects and skin effects are also taken into account. The proposed technique is based on Multiobjective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA). The MOGA is used to minimize the error between the actual data and the data obtained by equivalent circuit. The robustness of the method is shown by identifying parameters of the induction motor in three different cases. The simulation results show that the method successfully estimates the motor parameters.

Identification of three phase induction machines equivalent circuits parameters using multi-objective genetic algorithms

Recently, dual-rotor motor (DRM) has emerged as an alternative for an induction motor (IM) or a permanent-magnet (PM) motor for electric vehicle application, due to its better drive performance and better torque density. This paper presents an analytical model for the hybrid IM-PM configuration of DRM. The analytical model can be used to predict induced bar currents, electromagnetic torque generated, and magnetic fields in various regions of the motor. The mentioned calculations are performed under steady-state conditions. The analytical method is developed using the subdomain model approach in 2-D polar coordinates. Appropriate governing equations along with boundary conditions across all the sub-domain regions of the DRM are employed to calculate the magnetic vector potential in all the regions. The developed analytical model has been validated with finite-element analysis for various operating conditions, and high accuracy has been achieved for all the results.

2-D Analytical Subdomain Model for Hybrid Dual-Rotor Motor

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