We evaluate diversity status of the Brachionidae of India and present an annotated checklist of 46 species excluding dubious and unconfirmed reports. These merit biodiversity value as ~27% of the global diversity of the taxon and ~81% of its Oriental species. We observed two Australasian elements, two Oriental endemics, one Indian endemic, one paleotropical and one cosmo (sub) tropical species. The cold-water Keratella serrulata and Notholca squamula are new records from eastern Himalayas. Maximum brachionid diversity (32 species) from Assam state of northeast India (NEI) is followed by the reports of 27 and 26 species from Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, respectively; 25 species each from Tripura and Maharashtra; and 24 species from Jammu & Kashmir. Brachionus, the most diverse brachionid genus, is widely distributed in India with low richness in hill states of NEI and coastal waters in particular. The Indian brachionid taxonomy is confounded with unconfirmed reports, misidentifications, invalid taxa, and inconsistent treatment of morphological variants, while analysis of cryptic diversity in Brachionus calyciflorus, B. caudatus, B. forficula, B. plicatilis, B. quadridentatus, B. urceolaris, Keratella cochlearis and K. quadrata species-groups awaits attention.

The diversity of Indian Brachionidae (Rotifera: Eurotatoria: Monogononta) and their distribution

Andaman rotifers are least studied and authenticated records are not available for sufficing the data on their biodiversity. Rotifers were collected from brackish water to see their species diversity. Rotifers identified during this study are Brachionus plicatilis, B. rotundiformis, B.murrayi, B.urceolaris, B. calyciflorus, B. falcatus and Kellicotia sp. This is a primary record on Brachionids of saline waters of Andaman. The detailed description of the rotifers recorded during the study in the coastal waters of S. Andaman is presented for substantiating the taxonomic relevance of the study.

/pdf/brachionid-rotifer-diversity-in-andaman-waters-1wdd2aj7mz.pdf

Brachionid rotifer diversity in Andaman waters

Natural populations of planktonic rotifers are affected by salinity and food density, among other stressors. Moreover, competition among congeneric species limits the abundance of certain rotifers in ecosystems without spatial heterogeneity and environmental fluctuations. We isolated Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus calyciflorus from Salado River basin waterbodies and studied the demographic characteristics and competition between them at three salinity levels (0.75, 1.75 and 2.75gL–1 NaCl) and at two food concentrations (0.1×106 and 0.5×106 cells mL–1 Chlorella vulgaris). The lowest salinity level proved to be unfavourable for the population growth of B. plicatilis, but at higher salinity levels the growth was similar to that of controls (without competition), even in the presence of the competitor and at either food concentration. By contrast, the competitor almost always decreased the density of B. calyciflorus. Salinity greatly affected the peak density of B. plicatilis, whereas the effects of salinity and competition on B. calyciflorus were similar. Biomass was inversely related to salinity for both species, and was significantly affected by competition in B. plicatilis. These results show that B. calyciflorus is more adversely affected than B. plicatilis by competition and high salinity, and explain why both species can coexist in eutrophic saline lowland rivers and pampean shallow lakes.

Effect of salinity and food concentration on competition between Brachionus plicatilis Müller, 1786 and Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1776 (Rotifera)

In the present work, we provide the first approach about the life-history of Brachionus plicatilis in South America. We tested with laboratory experiments the response of the pampean strain of B. plicatilis for two of its main stressors (conductivity and temperature). We evaluated the effects of eight conductivity values from 1 to 17 mS.cm-1 and two temperatures (15 and 25 °C) to compare its abundance with those obtained in the pampean lotic and lentic environments, where this rotifer is frequent or dominant. The results demonstrated that the increase in population-growth rate and the peak of abundance occurred at the highest temperature and at medium conductivity. Minimum values were obtained at the lowest temperature and conductivities analyzed, but the final density attained was nevertheless similar to those recorded in the pampean environments at the optimum conductivity and during the spring and summer seasons. Males, mictic females, and resting eggs were observed at the minimum and maximum conductivities, revealing the strategy of this species for maintaining dominance in environments with fluctuating salinity. The experiments also indicated the possible behavior of this relevant member of the zooplankton community within a scenario of increasing temperature and salinity related to the climate changes occurring in the pampean region.

/pdf/influence-of-temperature-and-conductivity-on-the-life-5b5ke5wy7v.pdf

Influence of temperature and conductivity on the life-history characteristics of a pampean strain of Brachionus plicatilis

The survivorship and distribution of planktonic rotifers are influenced by salinity and photoperiod. In this study we performed life table experiments with the estuarine rotifer Brachionus sp., “Alvarado” strain (collected in Veracruz, Mexico). Three salinities: 7.5, 15 and 30‰, and two photoperiods: constant light and 16:8 h (light:dark) photoperiod at one temperature (25±2°C) were assessed. The microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (1×106 cells.mL−1 ) was supplied as food. We recorded the hatching percentages at different temperatures, and we included morphometric data of adult rotifers, neonates and parthenogenetic eggs. Results showed that the highest estimated values of net reproductive potential (Ro), intrinsic growth rate (r ) and reproductive value (Vx) were obtained at 15‰ and 16:8 h (light:dark) photoperiod, followed by continuous light, respectively. The lowest reproductive rate was observed at 30‰ and 16:8 h (light:dark) photoperiod. Hatching reached 100% after 20 h at temperatures of 25 and 30°C. The morphometric analysis of the lorica suggests that this B . “Alvarado” strain belongs to the SM clade of the B. plicatilis species complex. This strain of Brachionus is: (a) euryhaline, (b) high growth rate, (c) small size. All these characteristics suggest that this strain can be potentially used as live food for larval fish and for the development of toxicity tests.

/pdf/study-of-the-effects-of-photoperiod-and-salinity-in-the-1e29nhi19y.pdf

Study of the effects of photoperiod and salinity in the Alvarado strain of the Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera: Monogononta)

This paper deals with the species of Brackionu.s plicatilis complex (Rotifera: Monogononta) found in a brackishwater lake,Veli-Aakulam, in Southern Kerala. Morphological and reproductive potential studies revealed that these rotifers have sigiificant morphological distinction with regard to ecological preferences. The three related rotifers in our study were classified as Brachionu.~p licatilis Miiller, 1786, B. rotundifi)rmi.s Tschugunoff, 1921 and B. murrayi Fadeew, 1925. The fine morphology and morphometric data revealed that taxonomic characters were constant enough to recognize three well-defined morphologies and B. rrlurrayi
is redescribed. The reproductive potential studies in relation to ecological parameters showed that the 'r'
values of these rotifers were significantly influenced by salinity as well as temperature, and was species
specific. In the light of reproductive preferences, the reorganization of three distinct species has been
confirmed by this study and this would allow further comparative work in these lines on this economically
important species complex.

/pdf/the-taxonomy-of-brachionus-plicatilis-species-complex-34vf3t8yet.pdf

The taxonomy of Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera: Monogononta) from the Southern Kerala (India) with a note on their reproductive preferences

The impact of salinity, temperature, feed type and feed concentration on reproductive rate ‘r’ of Brachionus calyciflorus were examined in the present study. Three salinity levels (0.5%, 5.0% and 10.0%) and three temperature regimes (25 ± 1 oC, 29 ± 1 oC and 35 ± 1 oC) were evaluated. Four microalgal diets, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Ankistrodesmus convolutes, Scenedesmus protuberans and Chlorococcum infusorium at a concentration of 1x 106, 2x 106, 3x 106, 4x 106, 6x 106, 8x 106, 10x 106 and 12x 106 were tested in the experiment. The findings showed that all these parameters have significant influence on reproductive potential of Brachionus calyciflorus. The optimum salinity and temperature required for rmax for B. calyciflorus were of 0.5% and 29 ± 1 oC, respectively. The intrinsic rate of reproduction of B. calyciflorus for the best salinity x feed concentration with C. ellipsoidea (8 x 106 cell mL-1), A. convolutus (6 x 106 cells mL-1), C. infusorium (8 x 106 cells mL-1) and S. protuberans (4 x 106cells mL-1 ) at the optimal salinity and temperature were 1.91, 1.83, 1.77 and 1.62. Based on the study, the maximum reproductive potential of B. calyciflorus can be achieved by feeding with C. ellipsoidea at a salinity and temperature of 0.5% and 29 ± 1 oC, respectively for the larviculture of fishes.

https://www.fisheriesjournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue4/PartC/4-2-25-860.pdf

Reproductive rate of Brachionus calyciflorus under the influence of salinity, temperature, feed type and feed concentration

The impact of salinity, temperature, feed type and feed concentration on reproductive rate ‘r’ of Brachionus angularis were examined in the present study. Three salinity levels (0.5%, 5.0% and 10.0%), three temperature regimes (25±1 o C, 29±1 o C and 35±1 o C) and four microalgal diets, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Ankistrodesmus convolutes, Scenedesmus protuberans and Chlorococcum infusorium at a concentration of 1x 10 6 , 2x 10 6 , 3x 10 6 , 4x 10 6 , 6x 10 6 , 8x 10 6 , 10x 10 6 and 12x 10 6 were tested in the experiment. The findings showed that all these parameters have significant influence on reproductive potential of B. angularis. The optimum salinity and temperature required for highest ‘r’ were 0.5% and 28.0 o C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of reproduction ‘r’ of B. angularis for the best salinity x feed concentration with C. ellipsoidea (4x10 6 cells mL -1 ), A. convolutus (3 x 10 6 cells mL -1 ), S. protuberans (1 x 106 cells mL-1), and C. infusorium (4x106 cells mL-1) at the optimal temperature were 1.74, 1.57, 0.92 and 1.56. Based on the study, the maximum reproductive potential of B. angularis can be achieved by feeding with C. ellipsoidea at a salinity and temperature of 0.5% and 29 ± 1 o C, respectively, which is useful for larviculture of fishes.

https://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2016/vol3issue1/PartA/2-5-19.pdf

Effects of salinity, temperature, feed type and feed concentration on the reproductive rate of Brachionus angularis

The present study reports on rotifer fauna from two low-saline backwaters namely Veli-Aakulam (latitude 8o 25' – 8o 30' N & longitudes 76o 55' - 77o 00' E) and Poonthura - Thiruvallam (latitude 8o 25' – 8o 35'N & longitude 76o 50' – 76o 58' E) along the southern part of Kerala, India. The survey for rotifers was carried out from February 2000 to January 2001. A total of 42 species of rotifers belonging to 16 genera and 12 families are recorded. Of these, the family Brachionidae is represented by the highest number of 22 species followed by Lecanidae (5 species), Filinidae (4 species) and Mitilinidae (2 species). The rotifers, Brachionus dichotomus reductus (Koste & Shiel) and B. kostei (Shiel) are reported here for the first time from Indian waters while B. quadridentatus mirabilis (Daday), B. calyciflorus borgerti (Apstein), Mytilina crassipes (Lucks), Filinia opolensis (Zacharias) and F. cornuta (Weisse) are reported for the first time from Kerala waters. The existence of B. forficula keralaiensis (Nayar & Nair) and B. rotundiformis (Tschugunoff) in Kerala waters is confirmed through the present study since they have been reported so far only from Kerala. Diagnostic features of some interesting species are also illustrated in the present account with remarks on their distribution in India.

https://www.faunajournal.com/archives/2016/vol3issue3/PartB/3-1-4.pdf

Contributions to the rotifer fauna of Kerala (India) with two new records and remarks on some species

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The taxonomy of Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera: Monogononta) from the Southern Kerala (India) with a note on their reproductive preferences

Reproductive rate of Brachionus calyciflorus under the influence of salinity, temperature, feed type and feed concentration

Effects of salinity, temperature, feed type and feed concentration on the reproductive rate of Brachionus angularis

Contributions to the rotifer fauna of Kerala (India) with two new records and remarks on some species