The Probable and the Provable

This paper proposes a novel hidden Markov model (HMM)-based gesture recognition method and applies it to an HCI to control a computer game. The novelty of the proposed method is two-fold: 1) the proposed method uses a continuous streaming of human motion as the input to the HMM instead of isolated data sequences or pre-segmented sequences of data and 2) the gesture segmentation and recognition are performed simultaneously. The proposed method consists of a single HMM composed of thirteen gesture-specific HMMs that independently recognize certain gestures. It takes a continuous stream of pose symbols as an input, where a pose is composed of coordinates that indicate the face, left hand, and right hand. Whenever a new input Pose arrives, the HMM continuously updates its state probabilities, then recognizes a gesture if the probability of a distinctive state exceeds a predefined threshold. To assess the validity of the proposed method, it was applied to a real game, Quake II, and the results demonstrated that the proposed HMM could provide very useful information to enhance the discrimination between different classes and reduce the computational cost.

Hidden Markov Model for Gesture Recognition

Adaptive user-interfaces (AUIs) can enhance the usability of complex software by providing real-time contextual adaptation and assistance. Ideally, AUIs should be personalized and versatile, i.e., able to adapt to each user who may perform a variety of complex tasks. But this is difficult to achieve with many interaction elements when data-per-user is sparse. In this paper, we propose an architecture for personalized AUIs that leverages upon developments in (1) deep learning, particularly gated recurrent units, to efficiently learn user interaction patterns, (2) collaborative filtering techniques that enable sharing of data among users, and (3) fast approximate nearest-neighbor methods in Euclidean spaces for quick UI control and/or content recommendations. Specifically, interaction histories are embedded in a learned space along with users and interaction elements; this allows the AUI to query and recommend likely next actions based on similar usage patterns across the user base. In a comparative evaluation on user-interface, web-browsing and e-learning datasets, the deep recurrent neural-network (DRNN) outperforms state-of-the-art tensor-factorization and metric embedding methods.

Deep Sequential Recommendation for Personalized Adaptive User Interfaces

In this work it is shown how the behavioral biometrics allows to strengthen security of a personal computer during casual use. The user does not have to be even aware of verification system running in the background. Unfortunately, short passwords do not supply enough data for keystroke dynamics algorithms to be precise enough to keep the way and level the biometrics system requires. Behavioral biometrics cannot grant such authentication level as the other physiological biometric methods, e.g. fingerprint or retina scan. However, their transparency in analyzing data allows to merge methods into multimodal systems with a minimal cost. The benefit of keystroke dynamics is that it can be easily connected with some other biometric methods, especially with other human input interface devices. In this paper an approach to analyze keystroke dynamics along with mouse movement is presented. Even though both of the features are of behavioral character and hence with low repeatability, the results are good and promising for further research and modification.

A Multimodal Biometric User Identification System Based on Keystroke Dynamics and Mouse Movements

Abstract Online learning has become increasingly important, having in mind the latest events, imposed isolation measures and closed schools and campuses. Consequently, teachers and students need to embrace digital tools and platforms, bridge the newly established physical gap between them, and consume education in various new ways. Although literature indicates that the development of intelligent techniques must be incorporated in e-learning systems to make them more effective, the need exists for research on how these techniques impact the whole process of online learning, and how they affect learners’ performance. This paper aims to provide comprehensive research on innovations in e-learning, and present a literature review of used intelligent techniques and explore their potential benefits. This research presents a categorization of intelligent techniques, and explores their roles in e-learning environments. By summarizing the state of the art in the area, the authors outline past research, highlight its gaps, and indicate important implications for practice. The goal is to understand better available intelligent techniques, their implementation and application in e-learning context, and their impact on improving learning in online education. Finally, the review concludes that AI-supported solutions not only can support learner and teacher, by recommending resources and grading submissions, but they can offer fully personalized learning experience. 

/pdf/intelligent-techniques-in-e-learning-a-literature-review-30wb61ql.pdf

Intelligent techniques in e-learning: a literature review

Automatically recognizing the e-learning activities is an important task for improving the online learning process. Probabilistic graphical models such as hidden Markov models and conditional random fields have been successfully used in order to identify a Web users’ activity. For such models, the sequences of observation are crucial for training and inference processes. Despite the efficiency of these probabilistic graphical models in segmenting and labeling stochastic sequences, their performance is adversely affected by the imperfect quality of data used for the construction of sequences of observation. In this paper, a formalism of the possibilistic theory will be used in order to propose a new approach for observation sequences preparation. The eminent contribution of our approach is to evaluate the effect of possibilistic reasoning—during the generation of observation sequences—on the effectiveness of hidden Markov models and conditional random fields models. Using a dataset containing 51 real manipulations related to three types of learners’ tasks, the preliminary experiments demonstrate that the sequences of observation obtained based on possibilistic reasoning significantly improve the performance of hidden Marvov models and conditional random fields models in the automatic recognition of the e-learning activities.

Mouse Movement and Probabilistic Graphical Models Based E-Learning Activity Recognition Improvement Possibilistic Model

Recognition activity of web users based on their navigational behavior during interaction process is an important topic of Human Computer Interaction. To improve the interaction process and interface usability, many studies have been performed for understanding how users interact with a web interface in order to perform a given activity. In this paper we apply the Conditional Random Fields approach for modeling human navigational behavior based on mouse movements to recognize web user tasks. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed model and confirm the superiority of Conditional Random Fields approach with respect to the Hidden Markov Models approach in human activity recognition.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed_Nazih_Omri/publication/279514823_Web_User_Interact_Task_Recognition_based_on_Conditional_Random_Fields/links/55a7666308ae51639c577d91.pdf?inViewer=true&pdfJsDownload=true&disableCoverPage=true&origin=publication_detail

Web User Interact Task Recognition Based on Conditional Random Fields

The assistive technology and e-learning have been widely used to improve web accessibility for disabled users. One of the issues of online web-based applications is to understand how a user interacts with online application and the strategy by which he reasons to perform a given activity. Know what the web user is doing can provide useful clues to better understand his behavior in order to guide him in his interaction process. This study proposes a methodology to analyze user mouse movement in order to infer the task performed by the user. To do this, a Hidden Markov Model is used for modeling the interaction of the learner with an e-learning application. The obtained results show the ability of our model to analyze the interaction in order to recognize the task performed by the learner.

Hidden Markov model for inferring user task using mouse movement

Hidden Markov Models (HMM) have been widely used in classification tasks. Despite their efficiency in stochastic sequences labeling, they are overwhelmed by imperfect quality of used data in the learning and inference processes. In this paper, we try to evaluate the contribution of possibilistic theory in creating sequences of observations used by HMM models. Experimental results show that observation sequences, obtained by possibilistic reasoning significantly, improve the performance of HMM in the recognition of online e-learning activities.

Possibilistic reasoning effects on Hidden Markov Models effectiveness

Automatically recognizing the e-learning activities is an important task for improving the online learning process. Probabilistic graphical models such as hidden Markov models and conditional random fields have been successfully used in order to identify a Web users activity. For such models, the sequences of observation are crucial for training and inference processes. Despite the efficiency of these probabilistic graphical models in segmenting and labeling stochastic sequences, their performance is adversely affected by the imperfect quality of data used for the construction of sequences of observation. In this paper, a formalism of the possibilistic theory will be used in order to propose a new approach for observation sequences preparation. The eminent contribution of our approach is to evaluate the effect of possibilistic reasoning during the generation of observation sequences on the effectiveness of hidden Markov models and conditional random fields models. Using a dataset containing 51 real manipulations related to three types of learners tasks, the preliminary experiments demonstrate that the sequences of observation obtained based on possibilistic reasoning significantly improve the performance of hidden Marvov models and conditional random fields models in the automatic recognition of the e-learning activities.

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Mouse Movement and Probabilistic Graphical Models Based E-Learning Activity Recognition Improvement Possibilistic Model

Web User Interact Task Recognition Based on Conditional Random Fields

Hidden Markov model for inferring user task using mouse movement

Possibilistic reasoning effects on Hidden Markov Models effectiveness

Mouse Movement and Probabilistic Graphical Models Based E-Learning Activity Recognition Improvement Possibilistic Model