Reviving the interest in the versatile drug nystatin: a multitude of strategies to increase its potential as an effective and safe antifungal agent.

Microemulsions are a promising drug delivery system that can be used to enhance the bioavailability, solubility, and therapeutic efficacy of hydrophilic drugs. The downside of hydrophilic drugs is the poor solubility in lipid-based media; therefore, they require frequent dosing or high doses to achieve the therapeutic level. This may lead to unintended adverse effects and poor patient compliance Microemulsions can improve drug delivery by incorporating hydrophilic drugs within a thermodynamically stable and transparent oil-in-water emulsion. This can optimize the drug's solubility and permeability, leading to enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This review provides an insight to various routes of administration for delivering hydrophilic drugs using microemulsion. It will explore the use of microemulsion for oral, nasal, transdermal, and ocular delivery. The review also discusses the advantages, disadvantages and the physicochemical properties associated with each one of it. Overall, the article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of microemulsions as a drug delivery system for hydrophilic drugs administered via different routes. 

Microemulsions for Enhancing Drug Delivery of Hydrophilic Drugs: Exploring Various Routes of Administration

Formulation of Plumbagin Loaded Microemulsion: Evaluation of Anti-rheumatoid efficacy in Wistar Rat model

Topical treatments are a potential therapeutic option for the therapy of osteoarthritis, with significant data supporting the effectiveness and safety of topical formulation. Topical gel formulations may offer an alternative to oral formulations to relieve osteoarthritis (OA) pain while decreasing systemic exposure. Topical capsaicin transemulgel may represent an effective and safe alternative. The transemulgel was prepared from aqueous Aloe vera gel and Carbopol 934 with capsaicin in clove oil emulsion. The optimized transemulgel of capsaicin showed a pH of 6.1 ± 0.1 and viscosity of 15263–998 cps. Data from in vitro diffusion demonstrated improved permeability properties. The formulation caused no skin irritation when applied topically. The optimal transemulgel spreadability was found to be 20.23 g·cm/s. In vitro and ex vivo studies of the optimized formulation were performed. The skin irritant test was performed on rat skin with an optimized and marketed formulation. Both showed no irritation on the skin. The transemulgel of the capsaicin with Aloe vera gel was proven to be effective for osteoarthritis therapy.

/pdf/design-formulation-and-evaluation-of-aloe-vera-gel-based-1fic83l7.pdf

Design, Formulation, and Evaluation of Aloe vera Gel-Based Capsaicin Transemulgel for Osteoarthritis

An essential feature of any emulsion is that it is at least a bi-component, bi-phasic substance. The simplest of emulsions are water droplets dispersed in some kind of an “oil” (water-in-oil or W/O) and the reverse (oil-in-water or O/W). An emulsion, thus, has at least a dispersed and a continuous or bulk phase.

Emulsions: A General Introduction

Emulsions are biphasic systems that have enormous applications in the area of drug delivery, and pharmaceuticals as effective delivery systems of many macromolecules are possible only because of emulsions. Stability of the emulsion is an important parameter, which is associated with the success of these drug delivery systems. Therefore to prepare a stable emulsion, pseudoternary phase diagrams are of great importance, and we can easily optimize and identify the stable range of phases intended to be mixed to produce an emulsion. Phase diagrams can predict the type of emulsion formed, globule size, miscibility, phase behavior, and ultimately thermodynamic stability of the emulsion. An optimum proportion of an aqueous phase, an oil phase, and surfactant concentration can be adjusted based on the predictions made by the phase diagram. Another advantage of the phase diagram is that it can predict the working concentration range of different surfactants along with the mechanism by which these work, such as micellar concentration, reverse micellar concentration, lamellar concentration, and bicontinuous concentration.

Pseudoternary phase diagrams used in emulsion preparation

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Pseudoternary phase diagrams used in emulsion preparation