The mechanisms of growth inhibition and antioxidative response were investigated in wheat roots exposed to 300 μM iron together with different zinc concentrations (0, 50, and 250 μM). All Zn concentrations decreased Fe content but increased Zn content in the roots and leaves of Fe-treated seedlings. Compared with Fe stress alone, 50 or 250 μM Zn + Fe treatment stimulated root growth, and increased cell viability but decreased malondialdehyde content, which were correlated with the decreases of total and apoplastic hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical (O2
 ·−) content along with apoplastic hydroxyl radical content. Generation of O2
 ·− in response to 10 μM diphenylene iodonium suggested that NADPH oxidase activity was lower in Zn + Fe-treated roots than in other roots. In addition, cell wallbound peroxidase, diamine oxidase, and polyamine oxidase in Fe-treated roots were insensitive to Zn addition. Further study showed the stimulation of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as apoplastic catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and GR in Zn + Fe-stressed roots in comparison with Fe-alone-treated ones. Taken together, Zn could alleviate iron-inhibitory effect on root growth, which might be associated with the decrease of lipid peroxidation, the increase of cell viability and the reductions of reactive oxygen species generation.

Zinc-alleviating effects on iron-induced phytotoxicity in roots of Triticum aestivum

Low temperature is one of the most important abiotic stress factors for crop plants. It has been frequently observed that supplementation of plants with Si as seed soaking, leaf spray, or root treatment alleviates the adverse effects of chilling stress and reduces frost damage in both Si-accumulator and nonaccumulator species. Mechanisms for the effect of Si are related to both the increased structural strength of the cell wall and the biochemical adaptations to stress including exacerbation of antioxidant defense system and synthesis and accumulation of cryo-protecting molecules in parallel with the modifications in the endogenous levels of phytohormones. Si also influences the biophysical and biochemical properties of the leaf apoplast and substitutes for the cold acclimation process and increases resistance to frost damage. 

Silicon-mediated cold stress tolerance in plants

Plant acclimation to environmental stress is governed by several mechanisms including alterations in antioxidant defense systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Gisela 5 and Mazzard rootstocks on the cold-hardiness of the sweet cherry cultivars (cvs.) 0900 Ziraat and Lambert, as well as to analyze the changes in activities of antioxidative enzymes including catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), soluble peroxidase (S-PRX; EC 1.11.1.7), cell wall-bound peroxidase (CWB-PRX; EC 1.11.1.7) and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) in cold-acclimated (CA) and nonacclimated (NA) stages. One-year shoots of 4 years-old sweet cherry tree cvs. 0900 Ziraat and Lambert grafted either on Gisela 5 or Mazzard rootstock were collected in CA (in January) or NA (in July) stage and subjected to artificial low temperature tests (4oC, -5oC, -15oC and -25oC) in order to determine the degree of cell membrane injury in bark tissues by ion leakage method. Antioxidant enzyme activities were assayed in another set of samples that were not subjected to low temperature treatments. Our data showed that ion leakage in bark tissues was greater in NA stage compared to CA stage. Ion leakage was below 50% in barks exposed to 4°C and -5°C in either period and above 50% in those exposed to -15°C and -25°C in NA stage. Ion leakage was lower if cultivars were grafted on Mazzard compared with grafting on Gisela 5. In addition, activities in both cultivars of CAT, as well as S-PRX and S-PRX, but not GR, were significantly higher during CA stage compared with those in NA stage. Elevations in CAT and PRX (both cell wall and soluble) activities were more prominent if the cultivars were grafted on Mazzard rootstock. We conclude that, cold hardiness in the sweet cherry involves changes in certain antioxidant enzyme activities depending usually on whether the plant is in CA or NA stage. Our finding that activities of CAT, as well as S-PRX and CWB-PRX in cultivars grafted on Mazzard were higher than those in cultivars grafted on Gisela 5 suggests that cold hardiness may be affected by the rootstock.

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities during cold-acclimation in sweet cherry cultivars grafted on different rootstocks

Winter survival of strawberry as affected by the type of planting material

Low temperature is one of the most widespread stress factors limiting productivity of cereals. Tolerance to low temperature was studied in 12 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars with different growth habits (winter, spring, and facultative) subjected to low, non-freezing temperature (5°C) for cold acclimation, then exposed to freezing (‒5°C) treatment. Different phenotypic assays, including biomass production and survival rate (%) were conducted to determine the range of genotypic variation for tolerance to low temperature. Although the most tolerant cultivar was a winter/facultative one (‘Abidar’) and the most susceptible one was a spring cultivar (‘Nik’), little relationship existed between frost tolerance and growth habit when all 12 tested cultivars were compared. According to the data obtained, four cultivars with contrasting survival rate were selected and metabolic alterations were analyzed in these cultivars after cold acclimation and deacclimation (25°C) treatments. Soluble carbohydrates and proline were accumulated in the leaves up to 20-70% (P< 0.05) and 37 fold (P< 0.001) during the acclimation period, respectively, and decreased upon de-acclimation by 9-42% (P< 0.05). In contrast to the total protein, proteins in the leaf apoplast, along with carbohydrates, accumulated up to 2-4 fold (P< 0.05) during the acclimation period. The frost tolerance of cultivars was correlated (r= 0.91, P< 0.05) with the concentrations of apoplastic carbohydrates but not with the total and apoplastic proteins or total carbohydrates. Our data revealed that barley cultivars were different in the metabolic adjustments upon acclimation treatment; some of these metabolic responses were directly associated with frost tolerance of

/pdf/cold-acclimation-capacity-and-freezing-tolerance-in-some-45iktyg0oe.pdf

Cold Acclimation Capacity and Freezing Tolerance in Some Iranian Barley Cultivars

In this study, apoplastic antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of two strawberry cultivars (â€˜Aromasâ€™ and â€˜Diamanteâ€™) and their relationshipto cold-hardiness were investigated. Fully expanded, uniformly sized leaves from 1-year-old field plants of the cultivars were collected atthe hardening (late autumn, in November and winter, in January) and de-hardening (summer, in July) stages. Leaf samples were exposedto low temperatures of 5, -5, -10, -20 and -30ÂoC for 12 h to determine their cold-hardiness (LT50; lethal temperature, where 50% of theplants were killed). Cold-acclimation produced a remarkable increase in cold-hardiness. It was found that â€˜Diamanteâ€™ had higher coldhardinessthan â€˜Aromasâ€™. Moreover, malondialdehyde and total carotenoid content increased during the hardening stage and decreasedduring the de-hardening stage. The activities of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in the leaf apoplast and nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity in the leaf tissue were correlated with changes in cold-hardiness. The activities of theseenzymes were higher in the hardening stage than in the de-hardening stage. The activities of apoplastic catalase, peroxidase and ascorbateperoxidase varied significantly depending on the cold-acclimation stage and the cold-hardiness level of the cultivars. This study indicatesthat elevated apoplastic antioxidative enzymes may be determinants of cold-hardiness in the strawberry plant. The lower malondialdehydecontent and higher total carotenoid and apoplastic enzyme activities in â€˜Diamanteâ€™ indicated an enhanced cold-hardiness capacity of thiscultivar, serving to protect the plant from oxidative damage.

Apoplastic Antioxidant Enzymes in the Leaves of Two Strawberry Cultivars and Their Relationship to Cold-Hardiness

In this study, seasonal patterns of antioxidative enzymes and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (EC 1.6.3.1) activities and their relations to cold-hardiness of eight strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cultivars [Camarosa, Camino Real, Cal Giant 2 (CG 2), Cal Giant 4 (CG 4), Kabarla, Selva, Sweet Charlie and Ventana] were investigated. Fully expanded, uniformly sized leaves from about 1-year-old field plants of the cultivars were collected in cold-acclimated (CA, in January) and non-acclimated (NA, in July) stages. Leaf samples were exposed to low temperature at 5, -5, -10, -20 and -30°C for 12 h to determine their cold-hardiness (LT 50 ; assessed by electrolyte leakage). A remarkable increase in cold-hardiness was observed with decreasing temperature. Ventana was found to have the highest cold-hardiness among the eight cultivars investigated. This cultivar has followed by Camino Real and CG 2 cultivars. CG 4 and Sweet Charlie have moderate cold-hardiness, while Selva and Camarosa were more sensitive than these two cultivars. On the other hand, Kabarla has the lowest cold-hardiness among the eight cultivars tested. Activities of catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11), glutathion reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2) and NADPH oxidase were correlated to changes in cold-hardiness. Activities of these enzymes were higher in the CA stage than in the NA stage. Activities of APX and GR significantly varied depending on the cold-acclimation stage and the cold-hardiness level of the cultivars. This study indicates that, elevated antioxidative enzymes especially APX and GR, may be determinants of cold-hardiness in strawberry plant.

Relationship of seasonal changes in antioxidative enzymes and cold-hardiness in strawberry plant

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Apoplastic Antioxidant Enzymes in the Leaves of Two Strawberry Cultivars and Their Relationship to Cold-Hardiness

Relationship of seasonal changes in antioxidative enzymes and cold-hardiness in strawberry plant