Corrosion is a major cause of structural deterioration in marine and offshore structures. It affects the life of process equipment and pipelines, and can result in structural failure, leakage, product loss, environmental pollution and the loss of life. Pitting corrosion is regarded as one of the most hazardous forms of corrosion for marine and offshore structures. The total loss of the structure might be very small, but local rate of attack can be very large and can lead to early catastrophic failure. Pitting corrosion is a localized accelerated dissolution of metal that occurs as a result of a breakdown in the protective passive film on the metal surface. It has been studied for many years; however, the structural failure due to pit characteristics is still not fully understood. Accurate pit depth measurements, precise strength assessment techniques, risk analysis due to pitting, and the mathematical relationship of the environmental factors that causes pitting failure are also factors, which need further understanding. Hence this paper focuses on these issues. It reviews and analyses the current understanding of the pitting corrosion mechanism and investigates all possible factors that can cause pitting corrosion. Furthermore, different techniques employed by scientists and researchers to identify and model the pitting corrosion are also reviewed and analysed. Future work should involve an in-depth scientific study of the corrosion mechanism and an engineering predictive model is recommended in order to assess failure, and thereby attempt to increase the remaining life of offshore assets.

Modelling of pitting corrosion in marine and offshore steel structures – A technical review

Magnesium and its alloys are highly degradable metals that are potentially useful as biomaterials, especially in orthopaedic and cardiovascular applications. However, the in vivo corrosion has proved to be too high. Because of the complexity of in vivo conditions, a careful study of the corrosion of magnesium in synthetic solutions that simulate the in vivo environment is necessary as a first approach to predict the actual in vivo situation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the electrolyte composition on the corrosion behavior of magnesium and two Mg-alloys in synthetic biological media. Pure magnesium and its alloys (AZ31 and LAE442) were employed in the experiments. Electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization curves were recorded in sodium chloride and PBS electrolytes with different chloride ion and albumin concentration. Optical and SEM observations complemented by EDX analysis were made. The results showed that magnesium corrosion is localized in chloride- and albumin-containing buffer solutions. They also showed that the chloride concentration and the presence of buffer and protein strongly affect the electrochemical behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloys.

Degradation of magnesium and its alloys: dependence on the composition of the synthetic biological media.

We describe work in modelling pitting corrosion of 300 series stainless steel during exposure to chloride containing environments, with a focus on atmospheric conditions. It is well known that, under certain conditions of temperature and humidity, pitting corrosion can initiate on stainless steel if sufficient quantities of chloride containing salts are deposited on its surface. One of the key hypotheses that this work intended to test is the existence of bounds on maximum pit depths in the presence of fixed and possibly limited amounts of cathodic current. In the presence of the relatively high cathodic currents associated with high relative humidity and high surface contamination by hygroscopic salts, which are most likely to be representative of outdoor environments, maximum pit depths are predicted to be of the order of 150–300 μm, developed over periods of several months. In conditions more likely to be representative of indoor conditions with corrosion occurring under thin moisture layers, p...

Modelling pitting corrosion of stainless steel in atmospheric exposures to chloride containing environments

There has been increasing trend for health monitoring of an aircraft to deal its life issues and to minimize the operational cost. The corrosion is one of the important factors which limits the life of an aircraft due to material loss and fatigue cracking. The development of corrosion monitoring systems and models can provide the solution for health monitoring and prediction for remaining life of an aircraft. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on different types of corrosion, corrosion monitoring, and corrosion control. The latest studies on aircraft corrosion have been discussed in chapter. The different techniques based on nondestructive testing methods such as ultrasonic, electromagnetic, radiographic, thermographic have been detailed out in the chapter. Further for corrosion control, different schemes of corrosion control and coating removal techniques have been discussed in detail.

Corrosion Monitoring and Control in Aircraft: A Review

A jacketed underground pipeline made of 304 stainless steel tubing to transport utility water in a petrochemical plant at ambient temperature was perforated after few months of operation. Perforation started preferentially at the outer bottom surface of the pipe in the weld heat-affected zones where the insulating coating was damaged. Detailed microstructural characterization was carried out to determine the cause of failure using optical metallography, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results indicated that the failure occurred by interaction between the outer bottom surface of the pipe and surrounding environment leading to pitting and stress corrosion cracking in the presence of chloride ions. This could have been aided by residual welding stresses and the characteristic low stacking fault energy of the material.

Case Study: Pitting and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Heat-Affected Zone of Welded Underground 304 Stainless Steel Pipe

Localized corrosion of stainless steel tubing on offshore platforms can have serious and adverse consequences. In this article, Swagelok's Gerhard Schiroky, BP's Anibal Dam, Shell's Akinyemi Okeremi and consultant Charlie Speed discuss the perils of pitting and crevice corrosion and the effectiveness, or otherwise, of available preventive measures.

Preventing pitting and crevice corrosion of offshore stainless steel tubing

Pitting and crevice corrosion of offshore stainless steel tubing

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Preventing pitting and crevice corrosion of offshore stainless steel tubing

Pitting and crevice corrosion of offshore stainless steel tubing