In 2009, following approval of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission (EC) created task groups to develop guidance for eleven quality descriptors that form the basis for evaluating ecosystem function. The objective was to provide European countries with practical guidelines for implementing the MSFD, and to produce a Commission Decision that encapsulated key points of the work in a legal framework. This paper presents a review of work carried out by the eutrophication task group, and reports our main findings to the scientific community. On the basis of an operational, management-oriented definition, we discuss the main methodologies that could be used for coastal and marine eutrophication assessment. Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches that account for physico–chemical and biological components, and combine both pelagic and benthic symptoms of eutrophication, in keeping with the holistic nature of the MSFD. We highlight general features that any marine eutrophication model should possess, rather than making specific recommendations. European seas range from highly eutrophic systems such as the Baltic to nutrient-poor environments such as the Aegean Sea. From a physical perspective, marine waters range from high energy environments of the north east Atlantic to the permanent vertical stratification of the Black Sea. This review aimed to encapsulate that variability, recognizing that meaningful guidance should be flexible enough to accommodate the widely differing characteristics of European seas, and that this information is potentially relevant in marine ecosystems worldwide. Given the spatial extent of the MSFD, innovative approaches are required to allow meaningful monitoring and assessment. Consequently, substantial logistic and financial challenges will drive research in areas such as remote sensing of harmful algal blooms, in situ sensor development, and mathematical models. Our review takes into account related legislation, and in particular the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD – 2000/60/EC), which deals with river basins, including estuaries and a narrow coastal strip, in order to examine these issues within the framework of integrated coastal zone management.

/pdf/overview-of-eutrophication-indicators-to-assess-2f99ox306p.pdf

Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Ecology of marine bivalves: An ecosystem approach

The largescale small pelagic fisheries - are supported by an important productive ma-rine region in the NW African region: The Canary Current ecosystem, which is one of the largest wind-induced upwelling systems. The seasonality of the upwelling and the displacement of a marine front along the coast of Mauritania and Senegal cause a “contrasting hydroclimatic situations” with cold waters in winter, warm waters in summer and two short transition periods be-tween both seasons. This area is an important transition zone, both hydrologic and faunistic, between an “equatorial” warm region and a “Canary” cold region. s- (Wooter and McLain, 1976; Belveze and Erzini, 1983).

/pdf/international-council-for-the-exploration-of-the-sea-conseil-544h957onv.pdf

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer

Characterization of marine bacteria and the activity of their enzyme systems involved in degradation of the algal storage glucan laminarin.

Microbial habitats that contain an excess of carbohydrate in the form of sugar are widespread in the microbial biosphere. Depending on the type of sugar, prevailing water activity and other substances present, sugar-rich environments can be highly dynamic or relatively stable, osmotically stressful, and/or destabilizing for macromolecular systems, and can thereby strongly impact the microbial ecology. Here, we review the microbiology of different high-sugar habitats, including their microbial diversity and physicochemical parameters, which act to impact microbial community assembly and constrain the ecosystem. Saturated sugar beet juice and floral nectar are used as case studies to explore the differences between the microbial ecologies of low and higher water-activity habitats respectively. Nectar is a paradigm of an open, dynamic and biodiverse habitat populated by many microbial taxa, often yeasts and bacteria such as, amongst many others, Metschnikowia spp. and Acinetobacter spp., respectively. By contrast, thick juice is a relatively stable, species-poor habitat and is typically dominated by a single, xerotolerant bacterium (Tetragenococcus halophilus). A number of high-sugar habitats contain chaotropic solutes (e.g. ethyl acetate, phenols, ethanol, fructose and glycerol) and hydrophobic stressors (e.g. ethyl octanoate, hexane, octanol and isoamyl acetate), all of which can induce chaotropicity-mediated stresses that inhibit or prevent multiplication of microbes. Additionally, temperature, pH, nutrition, microbial dispersion and habitat history can determine or constrain the microbiology of high-sugar milieux. Findings are discussed in relation to a number of unanswered scientific questions.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1462-2920.12570

Microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology and system constraints

Field and culture studies on the ecophysiology of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Halim) present in greek coastal waters

Monosaccharide and aminoacid composition of mucilage material produced from a mixture of four phytoplanktonic taxa

Natural diet items were used to study the feeding behavior of Callista chione, a venerid bivalve inhabiting the sandy bottom of the N. Euvoikos Gulf, Aegean Sea. For more reliable measurements and conclusions we combined in vitro and field measurements. Microscopical algal cell counting was used for measurements of phytoplankton concentrations and high performance liquid chromatography for phytopigment analysis. Clearance rates were determined in vitro from reduction in the algal cell concentration in relation to time and ranged from 0.09 to 0.65 L h−1 depending on the size of C. chione and algal species. The digestive efficiency and regression equations of data related to the clearance rate with shell length of bivalves were derived. This study broadens our understanding of feeding behavior of C. chione in vitro as well as its impact in the food web dynamics in the field.

Clearance rate in the venerid bivalve Callista chione (L) in response to endemic algal species and bacteria: effects of cell biovolume and body size

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Field and culture studies on the ecophysiology of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Halim) present in greek coastal waters

Monosaccharide and aminoacid composition of mucilage material produced from a mixture of four phytoplanktonic taxa

Clearance rate in the venerid bivalve Callista chione (L) in response to endemic algal species and bacteria: effects of cell biovolume and body size