This paper presents a channel analysis method for single and double scattering events in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet (UV) communication systems. In general, the calculations of path loss and impulse response of such systems require Monte Carlo random number generations. However, the high computational costs of Monte Carlo methods impose severe limitations on quick reliable evaluations of system performance under complex atmospheric conditions. This paper proposes a sample-based UV channel characterization approach that improves computational performance by multiple orders of magnitude. The proposed novel approach uses fixed probability-based sampling. The method focuses only on single and double scattering events which dominate the received signal. The effects of various fog and dust aerosols are discussed under non-planar realistic conditions. The results demonstrate reliable channel characterization with significantly lower complexity using the proposed approach.

Single and double scattering event analysis for ultraviolet communication channels.

By considering both scattering and reflection events as collision-induced events (CIEs), an analytical path loss model of reflection-assisted non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet communications (UVC) is proposed with single CIE incorporated, which refers to the single-collision-induced (SCI) path loss model. More specifically, the analytical expressions of the received optical energy resulting from single-scatter and single-reflection events in reflection-assisted NLOS UVC are respectively derived. Then, in terms of those two expressions, the expression of the proposed SCI path loss model is obtained. Finally, Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations and experimental results are given to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed SCI path loss model. The results manifest that the proposed SCI path loss model can work well in both coplanar and noncoplanar geometry of the reflection-assisted NLOS UVC.

Single-collision-induced path loss model of reflection-assisted non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communications.

Rich scattering of the signals in the ultraviolet (UV) band of electromagnetic spectrum enables non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor wireless connectivity. It eliminates the line-of-sight requirement of the links which are using the signals in the infra-red band. Besides scattering losses, UV signals also suffer from atmospheric turbulence-induced fading. The turbulent atmospheric channel causes fluctuations in the received signal intensity of a NLOS ultraviolet (NLOS-UV) link, resulting in power loss and the performance degradation at the receiver. In this study, spatial diversity techniques are investigated as an appealing fading mitigation technique for NLOS-UV systems over atmospheric turbulence channels. In particular, the outage probabilities of multiple-input-single-output (MISO), single-input-multiple-output (SIMO), and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) links are studied, and the outage performances are investigated for different system configurations. Closed-form expressions are derived for the outage probability of MISO, SIMO, and MIMO systems, and the accuracy of the derivations is confirmed through Monte Carlo simulations. The outage probability of single-input-single-output link is also derived as a benchmark. The results demonstrate significant performance improvements through deployment and proper configuration of MIMO systems in NLOS-UV communication links.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-com.2020.0068

Outage analysis of MIMO NLOS-UV communication systems over atmospheric turbulence channels

To meet high data rate requirements of future wireless communication systems, there is a need for advanced communication technologies that could be used in combination with existing wireless RF technologies. Recently, optical wireless communication (OWC) has been extensively investigated as an attractive alternate technology to RF. OWC uses the optical carrier to convey data, with wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) to visible light. In the past years, there is a spike in interest over optical scattering communications (OSCs) employing UV wavelengths, thanks to the recent advances and rapid developments in deep UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and solar-blind UV filters and detectors. The unique atmospheric scattering and absorption properties of the deep UV band, which is solar-blind at the ground level, are the motivation for the recent development of the OSC systems. However, there is a clear gap in the existing literature that the OSC systems are yet to be systematically surveyed for their applicability to future wireless communications. In this context, this paper bridges the gap by providing the first contemporary and comprehensive survey on recent and new advancements in the OSCs, commonly known as UV communications. In summary, this survey is expected to provide a largely missing articulation between various aspects of UV communications. To be easy to follow, we commence our discourse by surveying the propagation concepts and historic evolution of UV communication systems. Next, we provide a detailed survey on UV channel modeling because accurate channel characterization is important for efficient system design and performance optimization of UV communication systems. We discuss various UV channel characterization efforts thus far made. Then, we present a classification to analyze current OSC system designs. Importantly, we survey recent advancements in the NLOS UV communication systems that include the application of artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, game theory, orbital angular momentum, etc. Moreover, we conduct a comprehensive survey on recently documented UV-based indoor communication systems. Finally, we point out several key issues yet to be addressed and collate potentially interesting and challenging topics for future research. This survey is aptly featured by in-depth discussion and analysis of UV communication systems in various aspects, many of which, to the best of authors’ knowledge, are the first time presented in this field.

A Comprehensive Survey on Optical Scattering Communications: Current Research, New Trends, and Future Vision

Wireless ultraviolet light MIMO assisted UAV direction perception and collision avoidance method

In order to break through the inherent limitation of channel capacity, we employ a correlated multiple input multiple output (MIMO) framework over non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet (UV) turbulent channels. Subsequently, a method of segmented correlation is proposed to define the spatial correlation of UV MIMO structures. Furthermore, the correlation and channel capacity are studied with varying elevation angle, turbulence intensity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and number of transceiver in pairs (NTPs). The results show that this correlated MIMO framework can obtain higher channel capacity by reducing the elevation angle of the transceivers or increasing turbulence intensity or NTPs. Moreover, channel capacity increases with the SNR. But at low SNR, a larger gain of channel capacity can be provided. Therefore, this paper develops the capacity of UV turbulent channels and provides a guide for optimal parameter configuration of correlated UV MIMO.

Spatially correlated MIMO for exploiting the capacity of NLOS ultraviolet turbulent channels.

The embodiment of the invention provides a method and a device for constructing an LDPC code check matrix for ultraviolet light communication. The method comprises the following steps: S1, constructing a first row of a check matrix in a size of m x n; setting i to be equal to 2, ..., m; according to the order of i from small to large, cyclically executing steps S2 - S3 to construct the ith row ofthe check matrix: S2, according to the constructed i-1th row, updating a column weight vector of the current check matrix corresponding to the i-1th row; S3, constructing the ith row of the check matrix according to the column weight vector of the current check matrix corresponding to the i-1th row. According to the method, by setting the minimum interval between the two adjacent 1 in each row ofthe LDPC code check matrix, the ISI influence of the ultraviolet light communication can be reduced, thereby reducing the bit error rate of the ultraviolet light communication; and by setting the maximum interval between two adjacent 1 in each row of the LDPC code check matrix, the check integrity of the LDPC code can be improved.

Method and device for constructing LDPC code check matrix for ultraviolet light communication

We propose a STBC based scheme with subcarrier modulation for MIMO ultraviolet diversity system. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is an efficient approach to increase transmit rate and reduce system BER.

Performance Analysis of Subcarrier STBC-MIMO Ultraviolet Communication System

To overcome the capacity limitation of ultraviolet communication, a MIMO framework with high energy efficiency is proposed. The channel capacity is studied with different parameters to obtain capacity gain and provide guidance for optimizing configuration.

Exploitation of Channel Capacity at High Energy Efficiency MIMO Based on NLOS Ultraviolet Turbulent Channels

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Spatially correlated MIMO for exploiting the capacity of NLOS ultraviolet turbulent channels.

Method and device for constructing LDPC code check matrix for ultraviolet light communication

Performance Analysis of Subcarrier STBC-MIMO Ultraviolet Communication System

Exploitation of Channel Capacity at High Energy Efficiency MIMO Based on NLOS Ultraviolet Turbulent Channels