Selenium is an essential trace element important for many physiological processes, especially for the functions of immune and reproductive systems, metabolism of thyroid hormones, as well as antioxidant defense. Selenium deficiency is usually manifested by an increased incidence of retention of placenta, metritis, mastitis, aborts, lowering fertility and increased susceptibility to infections. In calves, lambs and kids, the selenium deficiency demonstrates by WMD (white muscle disease), in foals and donkey foals, it is associated with incidence of WMD and yellow fat disease, and in pigs it causes VESD (vitamin E/selenium deficiency) syndrome. The prevention of these health disorders can be achieved by an adequate selenium supplementation to the diet. The review summarizes the survey of knowledge on selenium, its biological significance in the organism, the impact of its deficiency in mammalian livestock (comparison of ruminants vs. non-ruminants, herbivore vs. omnivore) and possibilities of its peroral administration. The databases employed were as follows: Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/10/2209/pdf

A Summary of New Findings on the Biological Effects of Selenium in Selected Animal Species-A Critical Review.

Dairy cattle experience health risks during the periparturient period. The continuous overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the transition from late gestation to peak lactation leads to the development of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is usually considered the main contributor to several diseases such as retained placenta, fatty liver, ketosis, mastitis and metritis in periparturient dairy cattle. The oxidative stress is generally balanced by the naturally available antioxidant system in the body of dairy cattle. However, in some special conditions, such as the peripariparturient period, the natural antioxidant system of a body is not able to balance the ROS production. To cope with this situation, the antioxidants are supplied to the dairy cattle from external sources. Natural antioxidants such as selenium and vitamin E have been found to restore normal health by minimizing the harmful effects of excessive ROS production. The deficiencies of Se and vitamin E have been reported to be associated with various diseases in periparturient dairy cattle. Thus in the current review, we highlight the new insights into the Se and vitamin E supplementation as antioxidant agents in the health regulation of periparturient dairy cattle.

The Antioxidant Properties of Selenium and Vitamin E; Their Role in Periparturient Dairy Cattle Health Regulation

Effect of age on cervical spine injuries in children after motor vehicle collisions: effectiveness of restraint devices.

Plasma membrane lipids are the key factor in the ability of chicken sperm to be frozen. They ensure fluidity and flexibility of the sperm membrane for effective viability and motility during in vitro storage. The objective of this study was to compare the lipid profiles of different native and commercial chicken breeds: native Thai (Pradu Hang Dam) roosters and commercial (Rhode Island Red) roosters, with respect to their frozen sperm quality. In addition, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also examined. Semen was collected from 12 roosters of each breed. For fresh semen, parameters assessed include semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and viability, while for frozen semen, the parameters assessed were sperm motility and viability. Moreover, other parameters assessed included malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, activities of SOD and CAT, and fatty acid profile. We found that sperm viability and motility of frozen semen were higher in the commercial breed than in the native breed (P < 0.05). The commercial chicken breed had higher MDA concentration than the native breed (P < 0.05), but antioxidant enzymes remained unchanged in both. Levels of arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the commercial than in the native breed; however, n-6 to n-3 ratios were not different. In conclusion, our study found that lipid profiles have an influence on frozen sperm viability and motility between the breeds. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly AA and DHA, are beneficial to sperm quality.

Lipid profile of sperm cells in Thai native and commercial roosters and its impact on cryopreserved semen quality.

The objective was to determine effects of gallic acid (GA) and carnosic acid (CA), present in carob pods and rosemary extract respectively, on frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa. Thirty ejaculates were collected from five Merino rams, pooled, diluted in Tris-based extender and divided into five equal portions containing: 0.05 or 2 mM of GA; 0.05 or 0.2 mM of CA; or no additive (control). Extended semen was equilibrated at +4°C, loaded into straws, held 5 cm above liquid nitrogen for 12 min then plunged. Computer-aided sperm analysis was used to assess motility, whereas flow cytometry was used to assess high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP) and percentages of spermatozoa with plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI). Spermatozoa supplemented with 2 mM GA had greater total motility than control spermatozoa (39.9 ± 3.01 vs. 29.2 ± 1.31%, mean ± SEM, p < .05). The PMAI was greatest in 0.2 mM CA (13.3 ± 0.68%), whereas HMMP was highest in 0.05 mM CA but lowest in control (22.9 ± 4.95 and 11.4 ± 3.64% respectively; p < .05). In conclusion, for cryopreservation of ram semen in Tris-based extender, supplementation with 2 mM GA increased post-thaw motility, whereas supplementation with 0.05 mM CA enhanced mitochondrial function.

Gallic and carnosic acids improve quality of frozen‐thawed ram spermatozoa

Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics Regulations 2002 and their role in Medical Practice: Need to Revamp the System

Oxidative stress occurs when the production of potentially destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the bodies own naturalantioxidant defenses, resulting in cellular damage. ROS, defined as including oxygen ions, free radicals and peroxides, are generated by sperm and seminal leukocytes within semen and produce infertility by two key mechanisms.First, they damage the sperm membrane, decreasing sperm motility and its ability to fuse with the oocyte. Second, ROS can alter the sperm DNA, resulting in the passage of defective paternal DNA on to the conceptus. Spermatozoa, like all cells living in aerobic conditions face the oxygen (O2) paradox: O2 is required to support life, but its metabolites such as ROS can modify sperm cell functions, endanger sperm cell survival. ROS in small amount is necessary to maintain normal spermatozoa function. It is not surprising that a battery of different antioxidants is available to protect spermatozoa against oxidants. Spermatozoa are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress induced damage because their plasma membranes contain large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their cytoplasm contains low concentrations of scavenging enzymes. In addition, the intracellular antioxidant enzymes cannot protect the plasma membrane that surrounds the acrosome and the tail, forcing spermatozoa to supplement their limited intrinsic antioxidant defenses by depending on the protection afforded by the seminal plasma. Oxidative stress attacks not only the fluidity of the sperm plasma membrane, but also the integrity of DNA in the sperm nucleus. High content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane and a low level of antioxidant in the sperm cytoplasm make them susceptible to oxidative stress and peroxidative attack during preservation. Defective and dead spermatozoa, major source of ROS during cryopreservation Cryoprotective media with antioxidants to overcome cryodamage.

Oxidative stress in sperm biology - a review.

Abstract Objective  Pediatric cervical spine injuries are rare and account for 1 to 2% of all pediatric spine injuries. There is a paucity of data on pediatric cervical spine injuries in developing countries like India. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze our 5 years of experience with pediatric cervical spine injuries. Methods  All the available medical records over the 5 years were reviewed retrospectively. The data was analyzed to know the epidemiology, mechanism of injury, injury patterns, management, and outcome. The patients were divided into two groups: 0 to 9 years and 10 to 18 years. Results  Seventy-five eligible records were included in our study. The incidence of cervical spine injuries was significantly lower in younger children than the older ones ( p  < 0.042). The most common mechanism of injury was fall from height: 33 (44%) patients followed by road traffic accidents: 27 (36%) patients. The involvement of the upper cervical spine was significantly higher in younger children ( p  < 0.001). Fractures with subluxation were the most common pattern of injury, observed in 35 (47%) patients. However, fractures with subluxation were uncommon in younger children compared with older children ( p  < 0.04). Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) was observed in 42% of younger children compared with 8% of older children ( p  < 0.02). Thirty (40%) patients were managed surgically; anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion was the most commonly performed procedure in 19 (63%) patients. The overall mortality was 20%. Conclusion  The results of our study revealed predominant involvement of the upper cervical spine in children younger than 10 years of age. SCIWORA was documented in both the age groups with a significantly higher incidence in younger children. The instrumentation and fusion techniques in children are safe; however, developing pediatric spine needs special considerations.

/pdf/pediatric-cervical-spine-injuries-2u6gcz23.pdf

Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare, aggressive tumor of indeterminate malignant potential with myofibroblastic differentiation. Though bladder location is very uncommon, it arises from the bladder submucosal stroma as a polypoidal growth and is easily mistaken for a malignant neoplasm- clinically, radiologically and histologically. Essential criteria for the diagnosis of IMT are: spindle myoepithelial cell proliferation and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Here we report the case of a 30 years old man who presented with painless gross haematuria for 2 weeks. The patient underwent open partial cystectomy and the final pathological diagnosis was IMT of bladder.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the urinary bladder: A diagnostic challange and therapeutic dilemma.

Background: Argyrolobium roseum is described in texts for its botanical aspects with no mention of its therapeutic uses. Recently, a solvent fraction of this plant has been reported to possess insulin secretagogue activity. Objective: Primary objective of the study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different fractions of Argyrolobium roseum plant. Secondary objective was to devise a model for detecting its beta-cell neogenesis activity. Materials and Methods: Alcoholic fraction (AR) was studied in fasting, glucose-loaded and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated hyperglycemic rats. For deducing beta-cell neogenesis activity, a sub-lethal dose of STZ, causing delayed death in the animals, was administered. Results: AR in a dose of 200 mg/kg showed hypoglycemic activity in fasting and STZ-treated rats. With sub-lethal dose of STZ, recovery from hyperglycemia was seen. Conclusion: AR of Argyrolobium roseum possesses hypoglycemic and a possible beta-cell neogenesis activity. Further studies are required to confirm its beta-cell neogenesis potential by cytological methods and to establish its role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Experimental model proposed to deduce pharmacological evidence of the beta-cell neogenesis activity of Argyrolobium roseum vis-a-vis an evaluation of its hypoglycemic activity.

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