Single crystals of lithium niobate doped with 0.03 and 0.1 at.% of Cu or Fe ions were grown by the Czochralski technique. Optical absorption spectra in visible and infrared regions before and after • irradiation with doses up to 10 5 Gy were measured and positions of both dopants in LiNbO 3 lattice were analyzed according to changes in optical absorption in the range of OH group absorption. Some properties of crystals doped with Cu during the growth processes were compared to those for specimens doped by thermodiffusion. It was observed that doping with Cu results in an increase of crystal resistance to radiation.

http://www.skaczmarek.ps.pl/130-Growth-CRT-99.pdf

Growth and Characterization of LiNbO3 Single Crystals Doped with Cu and Fe Ions

EPR and optical studies of LiNbO3:Yb and LiNbO3:Yb, Pr single crystals

Evidence for existence of the trapped exciton states in Pr3+-doped LiNbO3 crystal

The luminescence kinetics of LiNbO3:Pr3+ and LiTaO3:Pr3+ have been measured under high hydrostatic pressure applied in a diamond anvil cell for pressures up to 200 kbar. The luminescence decays have been analysed using the continuous function decay times distribution. Two mechanisms that accelerate the emission decays with increasing pressure have been proposed: the non-radiative depopulation of the 1D2 state through the Pr3+ trapped exciton, dominating in LiNbO3:Pr3+ and pressure-induced increase of the transition probability, dominating in LiTaO3:Pr3+.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/18/1/008/pdf

Pressure effect on luminescence dynamics in Pr3+-doped LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals

Conoscopic interferometry is applied for determining the crystal orientation of lithium niobate and other commonly employed substrate wafers for integrated-optic and surface-acoustic-wave devices. The method is particularly applicable for detecting the orientation of the optic axes of the strongly birefringent niobate but is less sensitive for lithium tantalate or quartz. Conoscopic interference is a low-cost and easy-to-use method that is especially suitable for laboratory usage.

Conoscopic interferometry of surface-acoustic-wave substrate crystals

Lithium niobate crystals doped with Pr3+ or Yb3+, as well as double doped with Yb3+ and Pr3+ ions were pulled by the Czochralski method. The doping concentration spread distributions were measured for each ion by the electron microprobe. The optical homogeneity of crystals was investigated using the conoscopic and polarimetric techniques. The absorption characteristics were also investigated. In the absorption spectra a careful attention has been paid to the peak associated with OH group, since from this one can conclude on the location of the doping ions in the crystal lattice.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Comparison of structural and optical properties of LiNbO3 single crystals doped with Pr3+, Yb3+, and Pr3+ + Yb3+ ions

Czochralski growth and characterization of MgAl2O4 single crystals

In this work practical investigations of residual stresses in LiNbO3 crystals measured by the computer-controlled imaging polarimeter are compared with theoretical model developed for oxide crystalline materials. A good qualitative agreement has been found between theory and experiment regarding residual stress distributions in wafers cut out perpendicularly to the crystal's growth axis.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Polarimetric investigations of residual stresses in Czochralski-grown LiNbO3 single crystals

A computer-controlled imaging conoscope has been used for investigation of optical homogeneity in
undoped LiNbO3 crystals pulled by the Czochralski method, and also for testing of optical elements, like
e.g. electrooptic modulators. The two maps acquired for two perpendicular directions in the crystal (Zoptical
axis, and usually Y-axis) are utilized simultaneously for eliminating optically inhomogeneous areas
from their use in optics and electrooptics, as well as in a wider research program including optimization
of the growth technique and investigation of influence of crystal perfection on device performance.

Application of imaging conoscope for optical inhomogeneity testing in LiNbO3 crystals and components

In this paper we present our novel concept in bulk scatterometry of single crystals. A certain primary investigations have revealed both the polarizing and depolarizing properties of real defects. These phenomena are believed to have considerable influence on defects recognition in a future device proposed here. Apart of the linear polarizer on the input beam, and the adequate linear analyzers in the scattered light beams, a computer-driven monochromator will be used for revealing defects of different dimensions, thanks to the relation between the intensity of the scattered light and the wavelength. By using such a monochromator and the computer techniques, one should be able to plot 2-D and 3-D maps of crytalline defects, as well as an intenisty of scattered light as a function of wavelength for different points in the crystal.

New concepts in scatterometric investigations of crystalline boules

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