William Bateson was an obsessive observer of animal oddities, and at some point in his herculean survey of museum collections leading up to his monumental 1894 monograph (Materials for the study of variation), he noticed a peculiar trend among the preserved specimens (mainly insects) that possessed extra legs: multiple legs that branched from the same socket tended to be mirror images of their adjacent neighbors. He did not know why. These symmetry relationships have come to be known as Bateson's rule, and they have defied a satisfactory explanation for 125 years. In the past few decades, tantalizing clues have emerged from various lines of investigation, and those lines have converged on a possible solution. An attempt is made here to fit all of those clues together to form a coherent picture of the etiology. Two case studies have proven to be pivotal: a fly mutant whose extra legs are caused by patches of dying cells and a frog syndrome whose extra legs are caused by a parasitic flatworm. The conclusion reached is that the extra legs of insects and vertebrates obey Bateson's rule for the same reason, but that reason has nothing to do with the specific molecules in their signaling pathways. Rather, it is an emergent property of the circuitry of the pathways and their polarized alignments along the limb axes. A parade of theoretical models have tried and failed to crack this mystery in the past, and they are reviewed here as part of the narrative.

Reflections on Bateson's rule: Solving an old riddle about why extra legs are mirror-symmetric.

Ulnar polydactyly and ulnar dimelia represent the most frequent and the most unusual forms of congenital duplication. Ulnar polydactyly is common in affected families and in individuals of African ancestry while ulnar dimelia is one of the least common of congenital hand anomalies. Both conditions demonstrate variable pathologic anatomy due to failure of formation or differentiation of the anterior–posterior axis of the upper limb. Ulnar polydactyly may occur as an element of several congenital syndromes. Ulnar polydactyly and ulnar dimelia may be diagnosed prenatally. Evaluation of affected children should consider the possibility of associated abnormalities. Surgical reconstruction of the affected extremity should normalize appearance and maximize functional capabilities.

Ulnar Polydactyly and Ulnar Dimelia

/pdf/mano-en-espejo-bilateral-seguimiento-de-2-anos-y-revision-de-2xwlafd50i.pdf

Mano en espejo bilateral: seguimiento de 2 años y revisión de la literatura

/pdf/ontology-of-congenital-malformations-of-the-humerus-and-1hwhe68sd5.pdf

Ontology of Congenital Malformations of the Humerus and Forearm Bones

Ulnar dimelia is a rare developmental anomaly, which is characterized by the duplication of ulna, absence of radius, and polydactyly. We report a case of a 5-year-old male child who was referred to our care with an extension deformity of the right elbow, loss of pronation and supination of the forearm, and flexion deformity with radial deviation of the ipsilateral wrist. Initially, we aimed to provide flexion of the elbow to improve his elbow function. The flexion was restricted to

A rare developmental anomaly of the upper limb: Case of ulnar dimelia

Ulnar dimelia is a rare congenital disorder, characterized by duplication of the ulna, absence of the radius and polydactyly. Authors present a case of a girl treated due to ulnar dimelia. Physical and radiological findings, surgical treatment and postoperative effects are described.

Ulnar dimelia-diagnosis and management of a rare congenital anomaly of the upper limb.

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Ulnar dimelia-diagnosis and management of a rare congenital anomaly of the upper limb.