Ecological strategies in fern evolution: a neopteridological overview

An updated check list of the world’s extant whitefly species is presented, comprising 1556 accepted species names in 161 genera, together with a further 210 species-group names and 40 genus-group names in synonymy. 13 nomina nuda, seven nomina dubia and six species now formally excluded from the Aleyrodidae are listed. Nomenclatural changes introduced here are 10 new generic and 10 new specific synonymies, together with 23 new combinations, seven new replacement names for junior homonyms and one revived original combination. Three subfamilial names are available in the Aleyrodidae, most species being placed in the Aleyrodinae or Aleurodicinae. The controversial third subfamily, Udamoselinae, is briefly discussed. For species currently regarded as valid, only the original and current combinations are given, with authorities. Original countries of description are given, here updated to reflect current geopolitical boundaries, but distributions and biological data are not given. An index to all names is provided.

/pdf/an-annotated-check-list-of-the-world-s-whiteflies-insecta-8yktsg3moo.pdf

An annotated check list of the world’s whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) comprise tiny phloem-sucking insects. The sessile development of their immatures and their phloem-feeding habits (with minimal physical plant damage) often lead to plant-mediated interactions with other organisms. The main data come from the polyphagous pest species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), which are intricately associated with their host plants. Although these associations might not represent aleyrodids in general, we rely on them to highlight the fundamental role of host plants in numerous ecological interactions between whiteflies, other herbivores, and their natural enemies. Plant traits often affect the activity, preference, and performance of the whiteflies, as well as their entomopathogens, predators, and parasitoids. Leaf structure (primarily pubescence) and constitutive and induced chemical profiles (defensive and nutritional elements) are critically important determinants of whitefly fitness. Pest management-related and evolutionary biology studies could benefit from future research that will consider whiteflies in a multitrophic-level framework.

Plant-Mediated Interactions Between Whiteflies, Herbivores, and Natural Enemies

Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) comprise tiny phloemsucking insects. The sessile development of their immatures and their phloem-feeding habits (with minimal physical plant damage) often lead to plant-mediated interactions with other organisms. The main data come from the polyphagous pest species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), which are intricately associated with their host plants. Although these associations might not represent aleyrodids in general, we rely on them to highlight the fundamental role of host plants in numerous ecological interactions between whiteflies, other herbivores, and their natural enemies. Plant traits often affect the activity, preference, and performance of the whiteflies, as well as their entomopathogens, predators, and parasitoids. Leaf structure (primarily pubescence) and constitutive and induced chemical profiles (defensive and nutritional elements) are critically important determinants of whitefly fitness. Pest management–related and evolutionary biology studies could benefit from future research that will consider whiteflies in a multitrophiclevel framework.

Plant-Mediated Interactions Between Whiteflies, Herbivores, and Natural

A new species of Macrosiphum is described from southern Mexico City, Mexico based on apterous and alate viviparous females and alate males. Macrosiphum tonantzin, n. sp., was found living year-round on Pittosporum undulatum (Pittosporaceae), a plant native to Australia and grown in Mexico as an ornamental. Relationships of this species to other Macrosiphum are discussed, as well as hypotheses about its possible geographic origin and life cycle.

A New Species of Macrosiphum Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Mexico on the Introduced Plant Pittosporum undulatum Ventenat (Pittosporaceae)

Summary

The phytophagous insect fauna of ferns has often been described as depauperate, and some have pointed to the paucity of evidence for adaptive radiation of insect groups feeding specifically on ferns. This paper examines the world's species of fern-specific Macrosiphum aphids and attempts to determine whether fern-feeding is a monophyletically derived trait in Macrosiphum. All sixteen species reported to feed on ferns, including three new species, were included in a cladistic analysis, along with fifteen other Macrosiphum species selected to represent the diversity of the genus, Papulaphis sleesmani (Pepper), because of its similarity to fern-feeding Macrosiphum, and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), which was used as outgroup. The results gave good support for the monophyly of fifteen of the sixteen fern-feeders, and also supported a clade consisting of these fifteen fern-feeders plus Macrosiphum equiseti (Holman), an Equisetum-specific aphid. One species, Macrosiphum lapponicum Shaposhnikov, from northern Russia, was concluded to be unrelated to other fern-feeding Macrosiphum. Whether this species truly feeds on a fern requires confirmation. Taxonomic and biological notes are provided for all fern-feeding Macrosiphum of the world. These include one new combination, Macrosiphum cyatheae (Holman) comb.n., and three new species: Macrosiphum longirostratum sp.n. on Woodsia mollis and Woodsia sp. from Mexico (Michoacan), Macrosiphum miho sp.n. on ‘Aspidium’ sp. from the U.S.A. (Illinois) and Macrosiphum rebecae sp.n. on Adiantum sp. from Mexico (Michoacan). Keys to apterous and alate viviparae of Macrosiphum living on ferns are given.

Macrosiphum on ferns: taxonomy, biology and evolution, including the description of three new species (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

. A large subset of the whitefly genus Dialeurodes was analysed using cladistics. Thirty-five characters and thirty-five species were analysed. The results suggest that the species can be divided into three groups. Appropriate generic names are assigned to these groups based on the placement of the type species of Dialeurodes Cockerell, Massilieurodes Goux and Singhiella Sampson, to each of which species are assigned based on their placement in the cladograms or based on examination of original descriptions. Thirteen species are assigned to Dialeurodes, twenty-four to Singhiella (twenty-three new combinations) and fifteen to Massilieurodes including eleven new combinations and four new species, Massileurodes alabamensis sp.n., M. americanus sp.n., M. curiosa sp.n. and M. myricae sp.n. Discussions of the three genera are provided, along with keys for the identification of the Nearctic species. Descriptions of the adults of three previously described species are presented. Illustrations are provided for all North American members of the three genera.

A cladistic analysis of Dialeurodes, Massilieurodes and Singhiella, with notes and keys to the Nearctic species and descriptions of four new Massilieurodes species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

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Macrosiphum on ferns: taxonomy, biology and evolution, including the description of three new species (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

A cladistic analysis of Dialeurodes, Massilieurodes and Singhiella, with notes and keys to the Nearctic species and descriptions of four new Massilieurodes species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)