http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/2013_AM/Fischer_Lindenmayer_Assessment_animal_relocations_2000.pdf

An assessment of the published results of animal relocations

Introduction. General Nutrient and Energy Requirements. Protein. Water. Minerals. Vitamins. Essential Fatty Acids. Energy Requirements for Maintenance. Protein Requirements for Maintenance. Reproductive Costs. Productive Costs. Food Composition. Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Function. Digestion and Nutrient Metabolism. Food Intake Regulation. Computer Models of the Nutritional Interaction. Index.

Wildlife feeding and nutrition.

The disappearance of populations is a prelude to species extinction. No geographically explicit estimates have been made of current population losses of major indicator taxa. Here we compare historic and present distributions of 173 declining mammal species from six continents. These species have collectively lost over 50% of their historic range area, mostly where human activities are intensive. This implies a serious loss of ecosystem services and goods. It also signals a substantial threat to species diversity.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/296/5569/904.full.pdf

Mammal Population Losses and the Extinction Crisis

The highly distinctive and mostly endemic Australian land mammal fauna has suffered an extraordinary rate of extinction (>10% of the 273 endemic terrestrial species) over the last ∼200 y: in comparison, only one native land mammal from continental North America became extinct since European settlement. A further 21% of Australian endemic land mammal species are now assessed to be threatened, indicating that the rate of loss (of one to two extinctions per decade) is likely to continue. Australia’s marine mammals have fared better overall, but status assessment for them is seriously impeded by lack of information. Much of the loss of Australian land mammal fauna (particularly in the vast deserts and tropical savannas) has been in areas that are remote from human population centers and recognized as relatively unmodified at global scale. In contrast to general patterns of extinction on other continents where the main cause is habitat loss, hunting, and impacts of human development, particularly in areas of high and increasing human population pressures, the loss of Australian land mammals is most likely due primarily to predation by introduced species, particularly the feral cat, Felis catus, and European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and changed fire regimes.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/112/15/4531.full.pdf

Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement

This paper reviews the literature concerning digestion and nutrient content of pollen. Four topics are addressed in detail: 1) The mechanism of pollen digestion by animals; 2) The efficiency of mechanical and digestive removal of pollen content by various animals; 3) Range and taxonomic distribution of pollen nutrients, and 4) Adaptive hypotheses proposed to associate pollen chemistry with pollinator reward. Studies on the mechanism(s) of pollen digestion remain inconclusive, but suggest that differences in digestibility among pollen types may reflect differences in pollen wall porosity, thickness, and composition. Although hummingbirds reportedly digest pollen very poorly, most animals studied, including those that do not regularly consume pollen, can digest 50–100% of ingested grains. Overlooked and recent research of pollen protein content shows that pollen grains may contain over 60% protein, double the amount cited in some studies of pollen-feeding animals. Adaptive hypotheses that associate pollen starch and pollen caloric content with pollinator reward remain unsubstantiated when critically viewed through the lens of phylogeny.

Pollen nutritional content and digestibility for animals

Fifty percent of all the mammal species to have become extinct worldwide in the past 200 years have been lost from the Australian fauna giving Australia the worst record for mammal conservation of any country or continent. Sixteen species from a mammal fauna of 245 are believed to be extinct, 26 species now occur only as remnant populations occupying <20% of their former ranges. Offshore islands, tropical Australia, and the mesic fringe of the continent have provided refuges where mammal communities have survived relatively intact. The drier interior regions, which include cereal growing areas, intensive and extensive pastoral areas, and the little-used Triodia deserts, have lost many species. Extinctions and declines have not occurred equally throughout the Australian fauna, but have occurred at a disproportionately higher rate among medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals in the weight range 0.035-5.500 kg. Historically, conservation of mammals has concentrated on protection from hunting and trade, reservation of land as national parks and nature reserves, and faunal surveys to map distribution and abundance. These approaches have been necessary but insufficient to either stabilize the decline of endangered mammals or to promote their recovery. The past 20 years have seen many attempts to conserve endangered mammals, either by evading the presumed cause(s) of extinction or decline by translocation to islands, or by managing these causes within reserves by controlling exotic predators, controlling or excluding exotic herbivores, or applying a particular fire pattern or regime. The most significant successes have come with effective control of exotic predators, either by establishing populations of endangered species on predator-free islands or by the intensive use of 1080 poison to control exotic predators at mainland sites.

Mammal decline and recovery in australia

Sugar gliders maintained body weight and nitrogen balance on a honey-pollen diet containing only 5.0 mg N · g DMI⁻¹. The maintenance dietary nitrogen requirement, estimated by regression analysis, was 87 mg N · kg−0.75 · day−1, the lowest yet recorded for a marsupial. Nitrogen excretion at balance was partitioned into endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN), metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN), and exogenous urinary nitrogen caused by the inadequacy of dietary protein (biological value). The low overall excretion at balance was attributed to an unusually low MFN (0.7 mg N · g DMI−1 · day−1) that reflected the high apparent digestibility (98%) and low roughage content of the experimental diet. EUN excretion, of 25 mg N · kg−0.75 · day−1, was at the low end of the range for marsupials but substantially less than the eutherian mean, providing further evidence for more efficient recycling of amino acids by marsupials. The estimated biological value of pollen protein to sugar gliders was 0.66, which is comparable with th...

Nitrogen Requirements of the Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps), an Omnivorous Marsupial, on a Honey-Pollen Diet

Sugar gliders, Petaurus breviceps (average body mass: 120 g) like other small wild mammals must cope with seasonal changes in food availability and weather and therefore thermoregulatory and energetic challenges. To determine whether free-ranging sugar gliders, an arboreal marsupial, seasonally adjust their energy expenditure and water use, we quantified field metabolic rates (FMR) and water flux at a seasonal cool-temperate site in eastern Australia. Thirty six male and female sugar gliders were labelled with doubly labelled water for this purpose in spring, summer and autumn. The mean FMR was 159 ± 6 kJ d − 1 (spring), 155 ± 8 kJ d − 1 (summer), and 152 ± 20 kJ d − 1 (autumn) and the mean FMR for the three seasons combined was 158 ± 5 kJ d − 1 (equivalent to 1.33 kJ g − 1  d − 1 or 780 kJ kg − 0. 75  d − 1 ). The mean total body water was 83 ± 2 g, equal to 68.5% of body weight. Mean water flux was 29 ± 1 mL day − 1 . Season, ambient temperature or sex did not affect any of the measured and estimated physiological variables, but body mass and total body water differed significantly between sexes and among seasons. Our study is the first to provide evidence for a constant FMR in a small mammal in three different seasons and despite different thermal conditions. This suggests that seasonal changes in climate are compensated for by behavioural and physiological adjustments such as huddling and torpor known to be employed extensively by sugar gliders in the wild.

https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/34608/quin-et-al-sugar-glider-FMR-CBP2010.pdf

Seasonally constant field metabolic rates in free-ranging sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps).

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Mammal decline and recovery in australia

Nitrogen Requirements of the Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps), an Omnivorous Marsupial, on a Honey-Pollen Diet

Seasonally constant field metabolic rates in free-ranging sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps).