We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

/pdf/science-and-technology-roadmap-for-graphene-related-two-4q9m7czlkc.pdf

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Although mobile, tablet, large display, and tabletop computers increasingly present opportunities for using pen, finger, and wand gestures in user interfaces, implementing gesture recognition largely has been the privilege of pattern matching experts, not user interface prototypers. Although some user interface libraries and toolkits offer gesture recognizers, such infrastructure is often unavailable in design-oriented environments like Flash, scripting environments like JavaScript, or brand new off-desktop prototyping environments. To enable novice programmers to incorporate gestures into their UI prototypes, we present a "$1 recognizer" that is easy, cheap, and usable almost anywhere in about 100 lines of code. In a study comparing our $1 recognizer, Dynamic Time Warping, and the Rubine classifier on user-supplied gestures, we found that $1 obtains over 97% accuracy with only 1 loaded template and 99% accuracy with 3+ loaded templates. These results were nearly identical to DTW and superior to Rubine. In addition, we found that medium-speed gestures, in which users balanced speed and accuracy, were recognized better than slow or fast gestures for all three recognizers. We also discuss the effect that the number of templates or training examples has on recognition, the score falloff along recognizers' N-best lists, and results for individual gestures. We include detailed pseudocode of the $1 recognizer to aid development, inspection, extension, and testing.

https://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/uist-07.01.pdf

Gestures without libraries, toolkits or training: a $1 recognizer for user interface prototypes

A user interface software tool helps developers design and implement the user interface. Research on past tools has had enormous impact on today's developers—virtually all applications today are built using some form of user interface tool. In this article, we consider cases of both success and failure in past user interface tools. From these cases we extract a set of themes which can serve as lessons for future work. Using these themes, past tools can be characterized by what aspects of the user interface they addressed, their threshold and ceiling, what path of least resistance they offer, how predictable they are to use, and whether they addressed a target that became irrelevant. We believe the lessons of these past themes are particularly important now, because increasingly rapid technological changes are likely to significantly change user interfaces. We are at the dawn of an era where user interfaces are about to break out of the “desktop” box where they have been stuck for the past 15 years. The next millenium will open with an increasing diversity of user interface on an increasing diversity of computerized devices. These devices include hand-held personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, pages, computerized pens, computerized notepads, and various kinds of desk and wall size-computers, as well as devices in everyday objects (such as mounted on refridgerators, or even embedded in truck tires). The increased connectivity of computers, initially evidenced by the World Wide Web, but spreading also with technologies such as personal-area networks, will also have a profound effect on the user interface to computers. Another important force will be recognition-based user interfaces, especially speech, and camera-based vision systems. Other changes we see are an increasing need for 3D and end-user customization, programming, and scripting. All of these changes will require significant support from the underlying user interface sofware tools.

/pdf/past-present-and-future-of-user-interface-software-tools-4tyf5iisz8.pdf

Past, present, and future of user interface software tools

A computer system (92) for providing a facility wherein a 'living document' (66) comprised of multiple pages (26), each of which contains any one of a number of different items of information (18) some of which may reflect the current value of real time data and reflect changes in the value thereof in real time. The items of information on each page are defined as to content by the user and the layout of each page in terms of position and style such as font, color, presentation type, e.g., graph (21), ticker etc., is defined by the user. The user may also set alarm limits (28) for any real time value and define scripts of commands which are to be executed in case an alarm limit (28) is exceeded. The user may also define 'buttons' (19) which may be activated graphically (21) or otherwise by the user. Associated with each button is a script of one or more commands which are executed when the button is activated. The system is designed to work in conjunction with the Teknekron Information Bus which is the subject of EPO publication 412, 232, A2, published February 13, 1991, to obtain real timme data for display (14) on the 'living document' (66).

Apparatus and method for creation of a user definable video displayed document showing changes in real time data.

This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in humancomputer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field.

/pdf/a-brief-history-of-human-computer-interaction-technology-2qibkiiik0.pdf

A brief history of human-computer interaction technology

The Garnet research project, which is creating a set of tools to aid the design and implementation of highly interactive, graphical, direct-manipulation user interfaces, is discussed. Garnet also helps designers rapidly develop prototypes for different interfaces and explore various user-interface metaphors during early product design. It emphasizes easy specification of object behavior, often by demonstration and without programming. Garnet contains a number of different components grouped into two layers. The Garnet Toolkit (the lower layer) supplies the object-oriented graphics system and constraints, a set of techniques for specifying the objects' interactive behavior in response to the input devices, and a collection of interaction techniques. On top of the Garnet Toolkit layer are a number of tools to make creating user interfaces easier. The components of both layers are described. >

Garnet: comprehensive support for graphical, highly interactive user interfaces

The Amulet user interface development environment makes it easier for programmers to create highly interactive, graphical user interface software for Unix, Windows and the Macintosh. Amulet uses new models for objects, constraints, animation, input, output, commands, and undo. The object system is a prototype instance model in which there is no distinction between classes and instances or between methods and data. The constraint system allows any value of any object to be computed by arbitrary code and supports multiple constraint solvers. Animations can be attached to existing objects with a single line of code. Input from the user is handled by "interactor" objects which support reuse of behavior objects. The output model provides a declarative definition of the graphics and supports automatic refresh. Command objects encapsulate all of the information needed about operations, including support for various ways to undo them. A key feature of the Amulet design is that all graphical objects and behaviors of those objects are explicitly represented at run time, so the system can provide a number of high level built-in functions, including automatic display and editing of objects, and external analysis and control of interfaces. Amulet integrates these capabilities in a flexible and effective manner.

/pdf/the-amulet-environment-new-models-for-effective-user-4v0mxdya8r.pdf

The Amulet environment: new models for effective user interface software development

The MARS clinical repository, originally developed at the University of Pittsburgh, provides electronic access to the patient record at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The original client interface we developed runs on all standard clinical workstations in the medical center, but is operating-system dependent. Porting and maintaining it on the variety of hardware- and software combinations found on VUMC personal computers would be fairly costly. To broaden the availability of the system to faculty and health care providers in all areas, and to support future access from Vanderbilt-affiliated providers outside the main campus, we are developing a new Web-based client. The new client provides good functionality and performance, and will be a strategic asset in our long-term commitment to making relevant clinical information immediately available to authorized health care providers.

Increasing the availability of the computerized patient record.

This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Computer Science at Research Showcase. It has been accepted forinclusion in Institute for Software Research by an authorized administrator of Research Showcase. For more information, please contactresearch-showcase@andrew.cmu.edu.

The P rototype-Instance Object Systems in Amulet and Garnet

Providing a structured graphics model and a constraint system makes the programming of graphical applications significantly easier. In a structured graphics model, each graphic element on the screen is represented by a real object in the object system, while a constraint system automatically maintains relationships among the objects. Although many research systems and a few commercial environments provide structured graphics and constraints, none scale up to large interfaces with thousands of objects and thousands of constraints. This paper presents four techniques to overcome this problem: automatic elimination of constraints that depend only on values that do not change, layout hints to help with refresh and hit detection, "virtual aggregates" that only pretend to allocate objects for their components, and compiling composite aggregates into a single object with a complex draw method. These have been implemented as part of the Garnet environment, and we have demonstrated that together they allow structured graphics and constraints to scale up to applications with tens of thousands of objects and constraints without compromising the ease-of-use.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA280062&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

Making Structured Graphics and Constraints Practical for Large-Scale Applications

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