A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

By measuring the gain and loss in thin-film planar waveguides using a standard technique developed for inorganic laser materials, we show that the narrow-line emission from photopumped waveguides of the conjugated polymer poly[2-butyl-5-${(2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-ethyl-hexyl)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] results from amplification of spontaneous emission (ASE). The narrowed linewidth of the ASE spectrum is determined by gain saturation. The ASE emitted from the edge of the waveguide is polarized because the waveguide is birefringent and only allows TE modes to propogate and be amplified. We compare our results and conclusions to other reports that claim that spectral narrowing in conjugated polymers is a result of superfluorescence or excitonic interactions. The techniques presented in the paper offer a simple and useful way for evaluating conjugated polymers as materials for solid state lasers.

Amplified spontaneous emission from photopumped films of a conjugated polymer

We report the synthesis of novel fluorene-based π-conjugated polymers and the investigation of their electroluminescent properties in organic light-emitting devices. We also report on the photo- and electroluminescence of materials of the same class whose synthesis was recently published. The alternated incorporation of phenylene or thiophene moieties in fluorene-based π-conjugated polymers leads to the tunability of the electroluminescent properties. The spectral emission varies from blue to green or yellow, depending on the composition of the copolymers. To enhance the luminous efficiency of the devices, the hole injection and hole transport into the polymer were improved by insertion of an insulating buffer layer and the incorporation of efficient hole transport material in the polymer. The insertion of a charge injection layer such as LiF and a hole transport layer such as N,N‘-diphenyl-N,N‘-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4‘-diamine significantly improves the electroluminescence efficiency of the ...

Light-emitting diodes from fluorene-based π-conjugated polymers

The discovery of gain narrowing in electroluminescent conjugated polymers has launched a new field of research aiming towards polymer-based injection lasers Especially poly(para-phenylene vinylene)- (PPV) and poly(para-phenylene)- (PPP) -type polymers have been applied as active materials Time-resolved measurements have unravelled the photophysics for low and high excitation levels If suited resonator configurations of the device are used (eg microcavity, microring, microdisc, distributed feedback and distributed Bragg resonators) optically pumped single mode laser emission can be observed for moderate excitation levels These results represent an important step towards the realisation of future ‘all-plastics’ injection lasers Conjugated polymer laser devices might lead to novel applications in measurement instrumentation and information technology which rely on large area emitters and geometries not accessible to conventional inorganic laser materials

Conjugated polymers: lasing and stimulated emission

We give a topical review in the area of highly luminescent organic materials and their application in solid-state lasers. The progress in conjugated semiconducting polymers is highlighted as these new materials are now established as a novel class of solid-state laser active media. The milestones of recent research results are described together with the technological developments towards electrically driven organic lasers and devices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/63/5/201/pdf

Organic solid-state lasers

Emission processes in conjugated polymer solutions and thin films

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Emission processes in conjugated polymer solutions and thin films