State-of-the-art on strengthening of masonry structures with textile reinforced mortar (TRM)

In recent years, there have been increasing concerns in the disposal of textile waste around the globe. The growth of textile markets not only depends on population growth but also depends on economic and fashion cycles. The fast fashion cycle in the textile industry has led to a high level of consumption and waste generation. This can cause a negative environmental impact since the textile and clothing industry is one of the most polluting industries. Textile manufacturing is a chemical-intensive process and requires a high volume of water throughout its operations. Wastewater and fiber wastes are the major wastes generated during the textile production process. On the other hand, the fiber waste was mainly created from unwanted clothes in the textile supply chain. This fiber waste includes natural fiber, synthetic fiber, and natural/synthetic blends. The natural fiber is mostly comprised of cellulosic material, which can be used as a resource for producing bio-based products. The main challenge for utilization of textile waste is finding the method that is able to recover sugars as monosaccharides. This review provides an overview of valorization of textile waste to value-added products, as well as an overview of different strategies for sugar recovery from cellulosic fiber and their hindrances.

Recent Trends in Sustainable Textile Waste Recycling Methods: Current Situation and Future Prospects

We employ additive manufacturing technologies for the design and fabrication of novel reinforcing elements of cement mortars. Three-point bending tests and optical microscope analyses are performed on a cement mortar reinforced with 3D printed fibers made of polymeric and metallic materials, which exhibit different surface morphology and roughness. Experimental and analytical results highlight that the shear capacity, flexural strength and fracture toughness of the examined materials greatly depend on the design and the material of the reinforcing fibers. Specimens reinforced with high surface roughness fibers exhibit shear failure and high interfacial bond strength, while unreinforced specimens and specimens reinforced with smooth fibers exhibit flexural failure and limited interfacial bond strength. We observe that mortar specimens reinforced with titanium alloy Ti6Al4V fibers exhibit load carrying capacity more than twice as high as specimens reinforced with photopolymeric fibers.

On the reinforcement of cement mortars through 3D printed polymeric and metallic fibers

Physical and mechanical properties of gypsum-based composites reinforced with PVA and PP fibers

Gypsum-based composites (GCs) have been widely used in interior linings such as walls and ceilings due to their unique advantages including low cost, good habitability, and good fire resistance. The existence of many gypsum resources such as natural gypsum (NG) and industrial gypsum by-products ensure that GCs are very popular. The main weaknesses of GCs, especially those originating from industrial gypsum by-products, are brittleness, inferior mechanical properties, and low water resistance, which limit their further applications. Extensive studies have used fibres to enhance the performance of GCs. Fibre-reinforced gypsum-based composites (FRGCs) show excellent comprehensive performance and have wider marketability as building materials, which is beneficial for accelerating the utilization of gypsum by-products and creates many economic and environmental benefits. This paper reviews previous studies of GCs reinforced with fibres and summarizes, reviews, and discusses the sources and properties of gypsum and fibres, the pretreatments of fibres to improve their adhesion with the matrix, the effect of fibres on some properties of FRGCs, the application of FRGCs in three-dimensional (3D) printing and the challenges for further research. This review provides a foundation and guide for future studies and uses of FRGCs.

A comprehensive overview of fibre-reinforced gypsum-based composites (FRGCs) in the construction field

Given the need for using more sustainable constructive solutions, an innovative composite material based on a combination of distinct industrial by-products is proposed aiming to reduce waste and energy consumption in the production of construction materials. The raw materials are thermal activated flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum, which acts as a binder, granulated cork as the aggregate and recycled textile fibres from used tyres intended to reinforce the material. This paper presents the results of the design of the composite mortar mixes, the characterization of the key physical properties (density, porosity and ultrasonic pulse velocity) and the mechanical validation based on uniaxial compressive tests and fracture energy tests. In the experimental campaign, the influence of the percentage of the raw materials in terms of gypsum mass, on the mechanical properties of the composite material was assessed. It was observed that the percentage of granulated cork decreases the compressive strength of the composite material but contributes to the increase in the compressive fracture energy. Besides, the recycled textile fibres play an important role in the mode I fracture process and in the fracture energy of the composite material, resulting in a considerable increase in the mode I fracture energy.

Evaluation of the performance of recycled textile fibres in the mechanical behaviour of a gypsum and cork composite material

Masonry veneer walls have been used successfully in a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and residential structures and are common place in modern building construction in several countries. However, it is recognized that the veneer walls can be vulnerable to earthquakes and most of the reported cases of failures are due to poor materials, design and inadequate construction practices. This inadequate behaviour has promoted research on the seismic behaviour of brick veneer walls mostly attached to structural systems composed of light timber and steel frames. This paper provides an overview of brick veneer walls under seismic actions, presenting a description of the main system characteristics, namely constitutive materials and their roles, mechanical and seismic behaviour, design guidelines and construction specifications. The paper also summarizes research studies addressing different types of brick veneer walls systems (with steel, stud and concrete block backup walls), different types of analyses (experimental and numerical) and different types of loading (out-of-plane and in-plane static and dynamic).

Brick masonry veneer walls: An overview

Past earthquakes have highlighted the vulnerability of masonry infills in the out-of-plane direction. To investigate this vulnerability, it is necessary to test some samples of infills in the out-of-plane direction taking into consideration that the main problem in the simulation of the out-of-plane response is their test setup and calculation of out-of-plane force applied to the infills. One can suggest that multiplying the pressure inside the airbag times its effective area (area of the airbag in full contact with infill) can lead to calculation of the out-of-plane force; but in this paper, it is concluded that the distance between the reaction wall keeping the airbag and the infill affects the effective area of the airbag. When the distance between the reaction walls and the masonry infill wall is smaller, the effective area is closer to the nominal area of the airbag. The effective contact area of the airbag is calculated by dividing the load measured in load cells by the pressure inside the airbag. Based on this result, it is also recommended to use load cells in the test setup to measure the out-of-plane force instead of its calculation by the pressure inside the airbag. After the installation of the out-of-plane test setup, one specimen representing the contemporary construction typology in North of Portugal was tested. In order to investigate its out-of-plane behavior, quasi-static testing was performed on a masonry infill built inside a reinforced concrete frame by means of an airbag system to apply the uniform out-of-plane load to each component of the infill. The main advantage of this testing setup is that the out-of-plane loading can be applied more uniformly in the walls, contrarily to point load configuration. The test was performed under displacement control by selecting the mid-point of the infill as control point. Input and output air in the airbag was controlled by using a software to apply a specific displacement in the control point of the infill wall. Four load cells were attached to the reaction frame to measure the out-of-plane force. Deformation and crack pattern of the infill confirm the formation of arching mechanism and two-way bending of the masonry infill. Until collapse of the horizontal interface between infill and upper beam in RC frame, the infill bends in two directions. However, the failure of that interface that is known as weakest interface due to difficulties in filling the mortar between bricks of last row and upper beam results in the crack opening trough a well-defined path and the consequent collapse of the infill. It is also investigated that the collapse of the infill was happened suddenly unlike the specimens tested by [1]. This is related to the presence of higher axial force on top of the columns in [1] that resulted in formation of a two-way arching mechanism supported on four sides. Besides, it seems that the presence of higher axial force on top of the columns can compensate the defects of upper interface.

/pdf/out-of-plane-behavior-of-masonry-infill-walls-538qpgivag.pdf

Out-of-plane behavior of masonry infill walls

Experimental assessment of the mechanical behaviour of ties on brick veneers anchored to brick masonry infills

/pdf/comportamento-sismico-de-paredes-de-alvenaria-de-fachada-uma-4rl8obs4x2.pdf

Comportamento sísmico de paredes de alvenaria de fachada – uma breve revisão

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Andreia Martins

Author Tools

Chat about Author