Species introduction in restoration projects-Evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe

The degree to which incident wind waves are attenuated over intertidal surfaces is critical to the development of coastal wetlands, which are, amongst other processes, affected by the delivery, erosion, and/or resuspension of sediment due to wave action. Knowledge on wave attenuation over saltmarsh surfaces is also essential for accurate assessments of their natural sea-defence value to be made and incorporated into sea defence and management schemes. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of a digital photographic method for the quantification of marsh vegetation density and then to investigate the relative roles played by hydrodynamic controls and vegetation density/type in causing the attenuation of incident waves over a macro-tidal saltmarsh. Results show that a significant statistical relationship exists between the density of vegetation measured in side-on photographs and the dry biomass of the photographed vegetation determined through direct harvesting. The potential of the digital photographic method for the spatial and temporal comparison of marsh surface vegetation biomass, density, and canopy structure is highlighted and the method was applied to assess spatial and seasonal differences in vegetation density and their effect on wave attenuation at three locations on a macro-tidal saltmarsh on Dengie Peninsula, Essex, UK. In this environmental setting, vegetation density/type did not have a significant direct effect on wave attenuation but modified the process of wave transformation under different hydrodynamic conditions. At the two locations, characterised by a relatively tall canopy (15–26 cm) with biomass values of 430–500 g m −2 , dominated by Spartina spp. (>70% of total dry biomass), relative incident wave height (wave height/water depth) is identified as a statistically significant dominant positive control on wave attenuation up to a threshold value of 0.55, beyond which wave attenuation showed no significant further increase. At the third location, characterised by only slightly less biomass (398 g m −2 ) but a shorter (6 cm) canopy of the annual Salicornia spp., no significant relationship existed between wave attenuation and relative wave height. Seasonally (between September and December) significant temporal increase/decrease in vegetation density occurred in one of the Spartina canopies and in the Salicornia canopy, respectively, and led to an expected (but not statistically significant) increase/decrease in wave attenuation. The wider implications of these findings in the context of form–process interactions on saltmarshes and their effect on marsh evolution are also discussed.

Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: Results from a UK East coast saltmarsh

Herbaceous vegetation under temperate climatic conditions generally shows nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited plant growth, which creates conditions for a high botanical diversity. Is nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) the most important limiting factor, or are both generally in short supply? What are the consequences of Increased N and P inputs that result from anthropogenic disturbances? A new indicator of N or P limitation, that is, the vegetation N:P ratio, allows us to address these questions for a range of mires, dune slacks and moist grasslands.

Nitrogen-or phosphorus-limited growth in herbaceous, wet vegetation : relations with atmospheric input and management regimes

Question: Can wild ungulates efficiently maintain and restore open habitats?
 Location: Brandenburg, NE Germany.
 Methods: The effect of wild ungulate grazing and browsing was studied in three successional stages: (1) Corynephorus canescens-dominated grassland; (2) ruderal tall forb vegetation dominated by Tanacetum vulgare; and (3) Pinus sylvestris-pioneer forest. The study was conducted over 3 yr. In each successional stage, six paired 4 m(2)-monitoring plots of permanently grazed versus ungrazed plots were arranged in three random blocks. Removal of grazing was introduced de novo for the study. In each plot, percentage cover of each plant and lichen species and total cover of woody plants was recorded.
 Results: Wild ungulates considerably affected successional pathways and species composition in open habitats but this influence became evident in alteration of abundances of only a few species. Grazing effects differed considerably between successional stages: species richness was higher in grazed versus ungrazed ruderal and pioneer forest plots, but not in the Corynephorus sites. Herbivory affected woody plant cover only in the Pioneer forest sites. Although the study period was too short to observe drastic changes in species richness and woody plant cover, notable changes in species composition were still detected in all successional stages.
 Conclusion: Wild ungulate browsing is a useful tool to inhibit encroachment of woody vegetation and to conserve a species-rich, open landscape.

Managing open habitats by wild ungulate browsing and grazing: A case-study in North-Eastern Germany

Precision agriculture on grassland: Applications, perspectives and constraints

In many successional series, grass species play an important role in mid-successional stages Using calcareous sand ecosystems in the northern upper Rhine valley (Germany) as a model, we analyzed successional trajectories and the factors that determine their direction A 5- to 7-year study of 23 permanent plots is presented Polar ordination revealed that succession starts with pioneer communities (dominated by Corynephorus canescens and cryptogams) and can eventually lead to relatively stable Calamagrostis epigejos or Stipa capillata tall grass stands At some sites, Cynodon dactylon can play a major role, but we focused on the two previously mentioned species Gradient analyses of their ecological amplitudes by means of principal components and regression analysis were carried out in order to elucidate the factors determining the successional trajectories Soil analyses of 71 plots established significantly positive linear relations for C epigejos with respect to total nitrogen, extractable phosphate and potassium, as well as soil moisture indicator values C epigejos is not able to spread if the stress factors nutrient deficiency and dryness are combined Lower tolerance limits are presented In contrast, S capillata shows negative relations to phosphate, declining strongly at P contents > 20 mg kg-1 At a moisture indicator value of around 32 (indicating dry sites), S capillata reaches its optimum S capillata is a model for a tall grass species which, even with low nutrient levels and dry soil conditions, can be successful in mid-successional phases; but it is displaced by C epigejos if soil moisture increases or phosphate/potassium supply is higher Regarding a general framework, the successional phases are characterized by processes such as replacement of species, facilitation, and inhibition

Succession in inland sand ecosystems: which factors determine the occurrence of the tall grass species Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth and Stipa capillata L.?

Restorative grazing as a tool for directed succession with diaspore inoculation : the model of sand ecosystems

In Germany, sand ecosystems are among the endangered habitats, particularly the open and the ecotone-rich forms including open oak and pine woodland. A practicable nature conservation concept has to take into account the often anthropo-zoogenically caused dynamics of sand ecosystems. The conservation of these ecosystems is problematic, as they form dynamic systems which lose relevance for species and habitat conservation if they are not used or if they are intensively used or fertilized.

Inland Sand Ecosystems: Dynamics and restitution as a consequence of the use of different grazing systems

Extensive Beweidungssysteme als Mittel zur Erhaltung und Restitution von Sand-Ökosystemen und ihre naturschutzfachliche Bedeutung

Zur Koinzidenz von Sandvegetation, ihrer Struktur und Heuschrecken-Zönosen (Orthoptera) in der hessischen Oberrheinebene

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