By Pierre Bourdieu (London: Routledge, 2010), xxx + 607 pp. £15.99 paper. A combination of social theory, statistical data, illustrations, and interviews, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judg...

Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

Etude de la production litteraire en termes relationnels, en construisant le champ litteraire, c'est-a-dire l'espace des prises de position litteraires qui sont possibles dans une periode donnee et dans une societe donnee. Les prises de position naissent de la rencontre entre les habitus d'agents particuliers et leur position, dans un champ de positions, defini par la distribution d'une forme specifique de capital. Ce capital litteraire (ou artistique, ou philosophique) fonctionne a l'interieur d'une "economie" dont la logique est inverse de l'economie plus large de la societe. L'"interet dans le desinteret" se comprend dans l'examen des relations structurales entre le champ de la production litteraire et celui des rapports de classes. De nombreux effets, a l'interieur du champ litteraire, naissent des homologies entre les positions a l'interieur des deux champs. Analyse du cas particulier du champ litteraire a la fin du XIX s. en France.

The field of cultural production, or: the economic world reversed in Sociologie empirique de la littérature et des arts.

Preface 1. A Pluralist Theory of Value A Rational Attitude Theory of Value Ideals and Self-Assessment How Goods Differ in Kind (I): Different Modes of Valuation How Goods Differ in Kind (II): Social Relations of Realization 2. An Expressive Theory of Rational Action Value and Rational Action The Framing of Decisions The Extrinsic Value of States of Affairs Consequentialism Practical Reason and the Unity of the Self 3. Pluralism and Incommensurable Goods The Advantages of Consequentialism A Pragmatic Theory of Comparative Value Judgments Incommensurable Goods Rational Choice among Incommensurable Goods 4. Self-Understanding, the Hierarchy of Values, and Moral Constraints The Test of Self-Understanding The Hierarchy of Values Agent-Centered Restrictions Hybrid Consequentialism A Self-Effacing Theory of Practical Reason? 5. Criticism, Justification, and Common Sense A Pragmatic Account of Objectivity The Thick Conceptual Structure of the Space of Reasons How Common Sense Can Be Self-Critical Why We Should Ignore Skeptical Challenges to Common Sense 6. Monistic Theories of Value Monism Moore's Aesthetic Monism Hedonism Rational Desire Theory 7. The Ethical Limitations of the Market Pluralism, Freedom, and Liberal Politics The Ideals and Social Relations of the Modern Market Civil Society and the Market Personal Relations and the Market Political Goods and the Market The Limitations of Market Ideologies 8. Is Women's Labor a Commodity? The Case of Commercial Surrogate Motherhood Children as Commodities Women's Labor as a Commodity Contract Pregnancy and the Status of Women Contract Pregnancy, Freedom, and the Law 9.

Value in Ethics and Economics

The current study addresses the stability of individual response styles. In contrast with previous studies, we set up a dedicated data collection, where the same respondents filled out two questionnaires consisting of independent sets of randomly sampled questionnaire items. Between data collections, there was a one year time gap. We simultaneously model four response styles that capture the major directional biases in questionnaire responses: acquiescence, disacquiescence, midpoint and extreme response style. The results provide conclusive evidence that response styles have an important stable component, only a small part of which can be explained by demographics. The meaning and implications of these findings are discussed.

The Stability of Individual Response Styles

A crucial yet often-overlooked starting point for any Bourdieusian field analysis is to relate the field under consideration to the ‘field of power’, so as to enable an examination of its relative autonomy or heteronomy, i.e. its relation to other fields of society and to society as a whole. However, Bourdieu and his successors did not implement this key conceptual consideration systematically, or did so peripherally at best. For this reason both the theoretical and the empirical status of the field of power remain, for the most part, unclear. The fundamental philosophy of ‘methodological relationism’ has not been systematically applied, of all things, to a core element of Bourdieu’s theory of society which basically is a theory of power relations. We argue that a relational approach to the field of power is essential for theorizing the relation between (a) fields and (b) fields and the social space.

Pluralizing field analysis: Toward a relational understanding of the field of power:

Today, ‘fear’ in its diverse facets is a topic growing in relevance in the media discourse. However, apart from analyses of individual psychic pathologies or general macro-sociological diagnoses, it has been largely neglected in (empirical) social sciences. The increasingly influential works of Bourdieu are no exception here, even though the concept of habitus inherently transcends positive interests such as lifestyle preferences, as analyzed in La Distinction. This becomes explicitly clear in his late works, above all in La Misere du monde, where the dispositions of agents are described in terms of the fears and worries associated with their positions in the social space and societal transformation processes. In this article the authors show that concerns, fear, and worries are constitutive characteristics of the habitus by investigating the structure of ‘fear manifestations’ in relation to the social space. Following Bourdieu’s conception, they construct a model of the Norwegian social space by applying...

Social class, symbolic domination, and Angst: The example of the Norwegian social space

Central pattern generated walking for bipedal robots has proven to be a versatile and easily implementable solution that is used by several robot soccer teams in the RoboCup Humanoid Soccer League with great success. However, the forward character of generating motor commands from an abstract, rhythmical pattern does not inherently provide the means for controlling the precise location of footsteps. For implementing a footstep planning gait control, we developed a step prediction model that estimates the location of the next footstep in Cartesian coordinates given the same inputs that control the central pattern generator. We used motion capture data recorded from walking robots to estimate the parameters of the prediction model and to verify the accuracy of the predicted footstep locations. We achieved a precision with a mean error of 1.3 cm.

/pdf/learning-footstep-prediction-from-motion-capture-2xpaknsndv.pdf

Learning footstep prediction from motion capture

National, international, transnational, and global fields

Der Begriff der Relationalitat ist aus aktuellen soziologischen Diskussionen kaum noch wegzudenken, wobei sich ein unubersichtliches Terrain mit einer Vielzahl von ganz unterschiedlichen Ansichten daruber auftut, was genau unter „relationaler Soziologie“ zu verstehen sei. Vor diesem Hintergrund will der vorliegende Artikel einen Beitrag zum Verstandnis der Vielfalt und Einheit relationaler Soziologie leisten und damit zugleich in systematischer Hinsicht zur Verstandigung uber ihre Grundprinzipien beitragen. Hierzu wird zunachst ein Aufriss der wichtigsten intellektuellen Traditionen und Denkbewegungen des soziologischen Diskurses gegeben, die fur diese Debatte von Bedeutung sind. In einem zweiten Schritt wird die Vielzahl der auf diese Weise versammelten Motive und Argumente geordnet und eine Schematik vorgeschlagen, in der 1) eine ontologisch-epistemologische, 2) eine sozialtheoretische, 3) eine gesellschaftstheoretische und 4) eine forschungspraktische Dimension relationaler Soziologie unterschieden werden. Im dritten Teil des Beitrags werden abschliesend die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten der ausgewahlten Ansatze fur eine Konstruktion von Idealtypen relationalen Denkens fruchtbar gemacht.

Geordnete Verhältnisse? Vielfalt und Einheit relationalen Denkens in der Soziologie

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