https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(05)17870-2.pdf

Alcohol and public health

Claims that children need both a mother and father presume that women and men parent differently in ways crucial to development but generally rely on studies that conflate gender with other family structure variables. We analyze findings from studies with designs that mitigate these problems by comparing 2-parent families with same or different sex coparents and single-mother with single-father families. Strengths typically associated with married mother-father families appear to the same extent in families with 2 mothers and potentially in those with 2 fathers. Average differences favor women over men, but parenting skills are not dichotomous or exclusive. The gender of parents correlates in novel ways with parent-child relationships but has minor significance for children's psychological adjustment and social success.

How Does the Gender of Parents Matter

The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis.

Alcohol in Europe: a public health perspective

The impulsive behavior that is often characteristic of adolescence may reflect underlying neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, impulsivity is a multi-dimensional construct, and it is plausible that distinct brain networks contribute to its different cognitive, clinical and behavioral aspects. As these networks have not yet been described, we identified distinct cortical and subcortical networks underlying successful inhibitions and inhibition failures in a large sample (n = 1,896) of 14-year-old adolescents. Different networks were associated with drug use (n = 1,593) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (n = 342). Hypofunctioning of a specific orbitofrontal cortical network was associated with likelihood of initiating drug use in early adolescence. Right inferior frontal activity was related to the speed of the inhibition process (n = 826) and use of illegal substances and associated with genetic variation in a norepinephrine transporter gene (n = 819). Our results indicate that both neural endophenotypes and genetic variation give rise to the various manifestations of impulsive behavior.

Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks.

Contributing authors: Airi-Alina Allaste, Anina Chileva, Klime Babunski, Ladislav Csemy, Aleksandra G. Davidaviciene, Zsuzsanna Elekes, Andris Gailitis, Eugenia Koshkina, Marina Kuzman, Sylvie Ledoux, Luisa Machado Rodrigues, Fabio Mariani, Patrick Miller, Richard Muscat, Alojz Nociar, Andreas Pavlakis, Marie Kathrine Poppel, Vlad Romano, Svend Sabroe, Janusz Sieroslawski, Astrid Skretting, Eva Stergar, Pal Weihe, Wil de Zwart

Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Students in 30 European Countries

Aims This study seeks to establish (1) if different types of non-traditional family structures are related equally to adolescent cigarette smoking; (2) if each type of family structure is related equally to adolescent smoking in different countries and (3) if differences in such patterns can be explained by the prevalence of such family structures in each country.



Design  Self-reported cigarette smoking among 33 978 students in Cyprus, France, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Lithuania, Malta, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom is analysed with multi-level hierarchical regression models.



Findings  Adolescents living with both biological parents smoke less than those living with single mothers, who in turn smoke less than those living with single fathers, mothers-stepfathers, or with neither biological parent. Living with fathers-stepmothers is associated with less smoking than living with single fathers, mother-stepfathers, or with neither biological parent, but does not differ from living with both biological parents or single mothers. The effects of living with single mothers, single fathers, or with neither biological parent are stronger in countries where such family types are less common. Differences in the strength of effects between countries become non-significant once the prevalence of each family type has been taken into account.



Conclusions  Adolescents living with both biological parents smoke less than their counterparts in most other family types, and adolescents living with single mothers or fathers-stepmothers smoke less than those living in other non-traditional family structures. The strength of this pattern varies inversely with the prevalence of such households in each country.

Family structure and adolescent cigarette smoking in eleven European countries.

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Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Students in 30 European Countries

Family structure and adolescent cigarette smoking in eleven European countries.