Block copolymers are known for their intricate morphology. We review the state of the art of block copolymer membranes and discuss perspectives in this field. The main focus is on pore morphology tuning with a short introduction on nonporous membranes. The two main strategies for pore formation in block copolymer membranes are (i) film casting and selective block sacrifice and (ii) self-assembly and nonsolvent-induced phase separation (SNIPS). Different fundamental aspects involved in the manufacture of block copolymer membranes are considered, including factors affecting the equilibrium morphology in solid films, self-assembly of copolymer in solutions, and macrophase separation by solvent–nonsolvent exchange. Different mechanisms are proposed for different depths of the SNIPS membrane. Block copolymer membranes can be prepared with much narrower pore size distribution than homopolymer membranes. Open questions and indications of what we consider the next development steps are finally discussed. They inc...

/pdf/block-copolymer-membranes-for-aqueous-solution-applications-5gctcsvcrl.pdf

Block Copolymer Membranes for Aqueous Solution Applications

Cationization of polysaccharides: A path to greener derivatives with many industrial applications

Novel side-chain benzoxazine functional polyvinylchloride (PVC-Benzoxazine) was synthesized by using “Click Chemistry” strategy. First, approximately 10% of chloro groups of PVC were converted to azido groups by using NaN3 in N,N-dimethylformamide. Propargyl benzoxazine was prepared independently by a ring closure reaction between p-propargyloxy aniline, paraformaldehyde, and phenol. Finally, azidofunctionalized PVC was coupled to propargyl benzoxazine with high efficiency by click chemistry. The spectral and thermal analysis confirmed the presence of benzoxazine functionality in the resulting polymer. It is shown that PVC containing benzoxazine undergoes thermally activated curing in the absence of any catalyst forming PVC thermoset with high thermal stability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3512–3518, 2008

Thermally curable polyvinylchloride via click chemistry

The recent increase in the incidence of tuberculosis, combined with an emerging global resistance to antituberculous drugs, warrants an increased awareness of the involvement of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in persistent or atypical lesions in the oral cavity. We sought to review the published reports of mycobacterial infection of the oral cavity found in the literature in otherwise uncompromised patients, from 1950 to the present day, and analyzed the documented manifestations. M. tuberculosis infects all parts of the mouth (soft and hard palate, uvula, buccal mucosa, gingivae, lips, tongue, maxilla, and mandible) more often in men than in women, appearing predominantly in the form of ulcerative lesions. It was found as a secondary infection in 58% (54% pulmonary, 4% extrapulmonary) of patients and as a primary infection in 42% of patients. Carcinomas are found to co-exist in the same lesion site in 3% of patients. In approximately 50% of patients, an oral manifestation of TB has led to the diagnosis of a previously unknown systemic infection, which resulted in a timely and effective treatment. The investigation for tuberculosis should therefore be actively pursued in the dental surgery. Diagnostic work-up for systemic involvement and control of healthcare-associated spread is important, while therapeutic options are still considered adequate.

Tuberculosis of the oral cavity: a systematic review.

Drug delivery by inhalation is the principal strategy to treat obstructive lung diseases, which affect about 15% of the population in the United States. Aerosol delivery devices have evolved over more than 60 years from the basic pressurized metered-dose inhaler and nebulizer to numerous types of inhalers and devices, including valved holder chambers, dry powder inhalers, soft mist inhalers, as well as smart inhalers and nebulizers. Although these devices improve a patient's ability to self-administer medication, many problems with optimal delivery still exist. Appropriate selection and repeated patient education can help lessen the problems with these devices. Aerosol science is evolving, with methods of measurement that include radio-scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging, to provide a better understanding of aerosol delivery and effects. Understanding the science and clinical application of aerosol drug delivery can substantially aid clinicians in optimizing these therapies for their patients.

http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/respcare/63/6/708.full.pdf

Aerosol Delivery Devices for Obstructive Lung Diseases.

Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the absence and in the presence of extra salt: Consequences of the stepwise conversion of dextran into a polycation

Swelling of the buccal cheek: an unusual presentation of primary tuberculosis.

Use of a portable device to record maximum inspiratory flow in relation to dyspnoea in patients with COPD

The viscosity of the nematic liquid crystal PCH-5 [4-(trans-4′-pentylcyclohexyl)-benzonitrile], measured in the presence of an electric field parallel to the gradient of the velocity, shows a complex dependence both on magnitude E of the electric field and on the shear rate γ. When plotted versus E2/γ, all data points fall unto a master curve. In nonequilibrium molecular dynamics computer simulations, performed for a Gay–Berne model fluid, the corresponding influence of a magnetic field on the viscosity was calculated. In both cases, the shape of the master curve for the viscosity can be computed by considering the competition between the torques exerted by the velocity gradient and by the orienting field. It involves the Leslie viscosity coefficients γ1 and γ2, the Miesowicz and Helfrich viscosities η1,η2, and η12. Thus it should be possible to extract these coefficients from the data. This is straightforward in the magnetic case since the molecules in the fluid “see” the externally applied field. The ...

Electro- and magneto-rheology of nematic liquid crystals: Experiment and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics computer simulation

Phase diagrams of the system tetrahydrofuran/γ-butyrolactone/poly(ether imide) and determination of interaction parameters

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