The universal increase in the number of patients with nonhealing skin wounds imposes a huge social and economic burden on the patients and healthcare systems. Although, the application of traditional wound dressings contributes to an effective wound healing outcome, yet, the complexity of the healing process remains a major health challenge. Recent advances in materials and fabrication technologies have led to the fabrication of dressings that provide proper conditions for effective wound healing. The 3D-printed wound dressings, biomolecule-loaded dressings, as well as smart and flexible bandages are among the recent alternatives that have been developed to accelerate wound healing. Additionally, the new generation of wound dressings contains a variety of microelectronic sensors for real-time monitoring of the wound environment and is able to apply required actions to support the healing progress. Moreover, advances in manufacturing flexible microelectronic sensors enable the development of the next generation of wound dressing substrates, known as electronic skin, for real-time monitoring of the whole physiochemical markers in the wound environment in a single platform. The current study reviews the importance of smart wound dressings as an emerging strategy for wound care management and highlights different types of smart dressings for promoting the wound healing process.

Wound Healing: From Passive to Smart Dressings.

Melt electrospun fibers of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) are accurately deposited using an automated stage as the collector. Matching the translation speed of the collector to the speed of the melt electrospinning jet establishes control over the location of fiber deposition. In this sense, melt electrospinning writing can be seen to bridge the gap between solution electrospinning and direct writing additive manufacturing processes.

Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning

Development of 3D bioprinting: From printing methods to biomedical applications.

Biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) presents suitable physicochemical properties and biocompatibility for biomedical engineering. However, PLA has some drawbacks, such as low cell adhesion, biological inertness, low degradation rate, and acid degradation by-products. In this review, recent progress on strategies to address these problems is summarized, including novel fabrication techniques, high-performance PLA composites, and their applications for tissue engineering and drug delivery. The scaffolds, especially for bone regeneration, blood vessels, organs, and skin regeneration are evaluated, in terms of in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility and biodegradability. The enhanced mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of PLA biocomposites are analyzed in detail. PLA biocomposites for drug encapsulation, sustained release, and tumor-targeting are also reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives on PLA-based biocomposites are discussed.

Current applications of poly(lactic acid) composites in tissue engineering and drug delivery

Environmental problems, such as global warming and plastic pollution have forced researchers to investigate alternatives for conventional plastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum-based polymers. This review gives an inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the production of PLA from its monomers. Melt polycondensation as well as ring opening polymerization techniques are discussed, and the effect of various catalysts and polymerization conditions is thoroughly presented. Reaction mechanisms are also reviewed. However, due to the competitive decomposition reactions, in the most cases low or medium molecular weight (MW) of PLA, not exceeding 20,000-50,000 g/mol, are prepared. For this reason, additional procedures such as solid state polycondensation (SSP) and chain extension (CE) reaching MW ranging from 80,000 up to 250,000 g/mol are extensively investigated here. Lastly, numerous practical applications of PLA in various fields of industry, technical challenges and limitations of PLA use as well as its future perspectives are also reported in this review.

Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties-From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications.

Over the last decades, the fabrication of 3D tissues has become commonplace in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, conventional 3D biofabrication techniques such as scaffolding, microengineering, and fiber and cell sheet engineering are limited in their capacity to fabricate complex tissue constructs with the required precision and controllability that is needed to replicate biologically relevant tissues. To this end, 3D bioprinting offers great versatility to fabricate biomimetic, volumetric tissues that are structurally and functionally relevant. It enables precise control of the composition, spatial distribution, and architecture of resulting constructs facilitating the recapitulation of the delicate shapes and structures of targeted organs and tissues. This Review systematically covers the history of bioprinting and the most recent advances in instrumentation and methods. It then focuses on the requirements for bioinks and cells to achieve optimal fabrication of biomimetic constructs. Next, emerging evolutions and future directions of bioprinting are discussed, such as freeform, high-resolution, multimaterial, and 4D bioprinting. Finally, the translational potential of bioprinting and bioprinted tissues of various categories are presented and the Review is concluded by exemplifying commercially available bioprinting platforms.

/pdf/3d-bioprinting-from-benches-to-translational-applications-46mowdfimd.pdf

3D Bioprinting: from Benches to Translational Applications.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/smll.201970126

Bioprinting: 3D Bioprinting: from Benches to Translational Applications (Small 23/2019)

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3D Bioprinting: from Benches to Translational Applications.

Bioprinting: 3D Bioprinting: from Benches to Translational Applications (Small 23/2019)