Recent startling interest for lanthanide luminescence is stimulated by the continuously expanding need for luminescent materials meeting the stringent requirements of telecommunication, lighting, electroluminescent devices, (bio-)analytical sensors and bio-imaging set-ups. This critical review describes the latest developments in (i) the sensitization of near-infrared luminescence, (ii) “soft” luminescent materials (liquid crystals, ionic liquids, ionogels), (iii) electroluminescent materials for organic light emitting diodes, with emphasis on white light generation, and (iv) applications in luminescent bio-sensing and bio-imaging based on time-resolved detection and multiphoton excitation (500 references).

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Lanthanide luminescence for functional materials and bio-sciences

Lanthanide-based luminescent hybrid materials.

Interpretation of europium(III) spectra

The ever increasing requirements for electrical performance of on-chip wiring has driven three major technological advances in recent years. First, copper has replaced Aluminum as the new interconnect metal of choice, forcing also the introduction of damascene processing. Second, alternatives for SiO2 with a lower dielectric constant are being developed and introduced in main stream processing. The many new resulting materials needs to be classified in terms of their materials characteristics, evaluated in terms of their properties, and tested for process compatibility. Third, in an attempt to lower the dielectric constant even more, porosity is being introduced into these new materials. The study of processes such as plasma interactions and swelling in liquid media now becomes critical. Furthermore, pore sealing and the deposition of a thin continuous copper diffusion barrier on a porous dielectric are of prime importance. This review is an attempt to give an overview of the classification, the character...

Low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics

The current interest in ionic liquids (ILs) is motivated by some unique properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability and non-flammability, combined with high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. However, for material applications, there is a challenging need for immobilizing ILs in solid devices, while keeping their specific properties. In this critical review, ionogels are presented as a new class of hybrid materials, in which the properties of the IL are hybridized with those of another component, which may be organic (low molecular weight gelator, (bio)polymer), inorganic (e.g.carbon nanotubes, silicaetc.) or hybrid organic–inorganic (e.g.polymer and inorganic fillers). Actually, ILs act as structuring media during the formation of inorganic ionogels, their intrinsic organization and physicochemical properties influencing the building of the solid host network. Conversely, some effects of confinement can modify some properties of the guest IL, even though liquid-like dynamics and ion mobility are preserved. Ionogels, which keep the main properties of ILs except outflow, while allowing easy shaping, considerably enlarge the array of applications of ILs. Thus, they form a promising family of solid electrolyte membranes, which gives access to all-solid devices, a topical industrial challenge in domains such as lithium batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Replacing conventional media, organic solvents in lithium batteries or water in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), by low-vapour-pressure and non flammable ILs presents major advantages such as improved safety and a higher operating temperature range. Implementation of ILs in separation techniques, where they benefit from huge advantages as well, relies again on the development of supported IL membranes such as ionogels. Moreover, functionalization of ionogels can be achieved both by incorporation of organic functions in the solid matrix, and by encapsulation of molecular species (from metal complexes to enzymes) in the immobilized IL phase, which opens new routes for designing advanced materials, especially (bio)catalytic membranes, sensors and drug release systems (194 references).

Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials

Abstract The current strong interest in ionic liquids is motivated by their unique combination of properties such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. The first part of this short review deals with all the specific aspects of sol-gel in the presence of ionic liquid, which can act as drying control chemical additive, catalyst, porogenous agent and solvent or co-solvent. The second part is devoted to the properties of the gels in which the ionic liquid is kept confined (ionogels) and their applications as electrolyte membranes, optical devices, catalysts and sensors.

Iconography : Use of ionic liquids in sol-gel; ionogels and applications

Needs for ferrocene immobilization on robust host structures are considerable since derivative materials may find applications in medical areas, optical devices, or catalysis. Synthesis of phosphonate functionalized ferrocene allowed its subsequent inorganic polymerization with a zinc salt. The crystallographic structure of the compound obtained, Zn(HO3PFc)2·2H2O, shows a unique two-dimensional ferrocene arrangement anchored on a one-dimensional Zn−O−P−O−Zn backbone. The ferrocene packing in the title compound is very similar to the packing found in molecular ferrocene. The electroactivity of Zn(HO3PFc)2·2H2O is thoroughly studied. It shows a reversible surface oxidation of ferrocene. Mossbauer spectroscopy for the oxidized compound shows an isomer shift of IS2b = 0.432 mm.s-1 and a quadrupolar splitting of QS2b = 0.205 mm.s-1, which is consistent with a stable S = 1/2 ferrocenium state. The magnetic susceptibility study, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and galvanostatic titration show that only the ferrocene moi...

Mixed 1D-2D inorganic polymeric zinc ferrocenylphosphonate: crystal structure and electrochemical study.

Stable and crack-free bimodal macroporous silica monoliths were prepared for the first time in non-aqueous media and at room temperature by phase separation between a silica rich phase and a formic acid rich phase. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) was added to promote the phase separation between silica and formic acid leading to monoliths with 2 micron macropores. An additional basic treatment creates a supplementary mesoporosity of 7 nm. The addition of ionic liquid (BMIM-TFSI) in the synthesis increased the surface area of monoliths up to 760 m2 g−1 by inducing the formation of silica nanoparticles inside the monolith skeleton. Furthermore, the ionic liquid decreased the interaction between silica and PEO, which can then be removed by simple washing. The addition of methylsiloxane (MTMS) in the synthesis allows the ionic liquid at the surface of the macroporous monoliths to be maintained and represents the first example of supported ionic liquid associated with large through-flow pores. Such a system could therefore be used in chromatography for demanding and complex separation processes or in catalysis for the transformation of low-solubility reactants.

Bimodal porous silica monoliths obtained by phase separation in non-aqueous media

New phosphonates of tetravalent elements of general formula (I): M(O3PR)2 (I) -M = a tetravalent element of group IVa or IVb; -R = H or a monovalent 1 - 40C hydrocarbyl radical. Also claimed, is their method of preparation.

New metallic and metalloid tetravalent phosphonates and their preparation

New functionalized inorganic oxides (I) comprise organic groups which comprise sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) atoms linked by a hydrocarbon chain and which are attached to an oxide of one or more elements M and M' via the P atom and oxygen (O) atoms, where (I) comprise M-O-M' bonds, the M:P ratio is 0.5-500:1 and each P atom forms at least one P-O-M and P-O-M' bond. An Independent claim is also included for a process for producing (I).

Materials having organic groups containing sulfur and phosphorus bond through oxygen atoms to a mineral oxide

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