INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS Chapter Objectives Introduction Classi?cation Recycling Fiber-Reinforced Composites Mechanics Terminology Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References MACROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA Chapter Objectives Introduction Review of De?nitions Hooke's Law for Different Types of Materials Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Unidirectional Lamina Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Angle Lamina Engineering Constants of an Angle Lamina Invariant Form of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices for an Angle Lamina Strength Failure Theories of an Angle Lamina Hygrothermal Stresses and Strains in a Lamina Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References APPENDIX A: MATRIX ALGEBRA Key Terms APPENDIX B: TRANSFORMATION OF STRESSES AND STRAINS Transformation of Stress Transformation of Strains Key Terms MICROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF A LAMINA Chapter Objectives Introduction Volume and Mass Fractions, Density, and Void Content Evaluation of the Four Elastic Moduli Ultimate Strengths of a Unidirectional Lamina Coefficients of Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Moisture Expansion Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References MACROMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINATES Chapter Objectives Introduction Laminate Code Stress-Strain Relations for a Laminate In-Plane and Flexural Modulus of a Laminate Hygrothermal Effects in a Laminate Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References FAILURE, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN OF LAMINATES Chapter Objectives Introduction Special Cases of Laminates Failure Criterion for a Laminate Design of a Laminated Composite Other Mechanical Design Issues Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References BENDING OF BEAMS Chapter Objectives Introduction Symmetric Beams Nonsymmetric Beams Summary Key Terms Exercise Set References INDEX

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Mechanics of composite materials

The urinary bladder is a complex organ with the primary functions of storing urine under low and stable pressure and micturition. Many clinical conditions can cause poor bladder compliance, reduced capacity, and incontinence, requiring bladder augmentation or use of regenerative techniques and scaffolds. To replicate an organ that is under frequent mechanical loading and unloading, special attention towards fulfilling its biomechanical requirements is necessary. Several biological and synthetic scaffolds are available, with various characteristics that qualify them for use in bladder regeneration in vitro and in vivo, including in the treatment of clinical conditions. The biomechanical properties of the native bladder can be investigated using a range of mechanical tests for standardized assessments, as well as mathematical and computational bladder biomechanics. Despite a large body of research into tissue engineering of the bladder wall, some features of the native bladder and the scaffolds used to mimic it need further elucidation. Collection of comparable reference data from different animal models would be a helpful tool for researchers and will enable comparison of different scaffolds in order to optimize characteristics before entering preclinical and clinical trials.

Bladder biomechanics and the use of scaffolds for regenerative medicine in the urinary bladder

The recently founded Collaborative Research Centre SFB 880 of the Technische Universitat Braunschweig, “Fundamentals of High-Lift for Future Commercial Aircraft”, develops new knowledge in aircraft noise, advanced approaches towards active high lift, and in the dynamics of flight with active high lift during short takeoff and landing operations. The research centre has therefore devised a range of research projects that aim at integrated aeroacoustic and aerodynamic design capabilities for drastic noise reductions and the generation of active high lift with an extremely high efficiency of the used onboard power. Flight dynamics of commercial aircraft with increased lift capabilities for takeoff and landing by means of active control and including the effects of aeroelasticity and engine failure modes are also investigated. The research centre has developed a joint strategy for technology assessment using high-quality conceptual design data of a reference aircraft that represents the state of the art in CO2 reductions, low noise, and short takeoff and landing for point-to-point air connections within Europe. The paper describes the overall strategy of the coordinated research work and gives examples of recent results.

SFB 880: fundamentals of high lift for future commercial aircraft

We investigate the interaction of intracellular calcium spatio-temporal variations with the self-sustained contractions in cardiac myocytes. A consistent mathematical model is presented considering a hyperelastic description of the passive mechanical properties of the cell, combined with an active-strain framework to explain the active shortening of myocytes and its coupling with cytosolic and sarcoplasmic calcium dynamics. A finite element method based on a Taylor-Hood discretization is employed to approximate the nonlinear elasticity equations, whereas the calcium concentration and mechanical activation variables are discretized by piecewise linear finite elements. Several numerical tests illustrate the ability of the model in predicting key experimentally established characteristics including: (i) calcium propagation patterns and contractility, (ii) the influence of boundary conditions and cell shape on the onset of structural and active anisotropy and (iii) the high localized stress distributions at the focal adhesions. Besides, they also highlight the potential of the method in elucidating some important subcellular mechanisms affecting, e.g. cardiac repolarization.

/pdf/mathematical-modelling-of-active-contraction-in-isolated-57iqrrh6wh.pdf

Mathematical modelling of active contraction in isolated cardiomyocytes

This article describes the development of variable camber morphing wing, which is mainly composed of corrugated structures. The morphing wing with both leading edge and trailing edge morphing sections is proposed and the prototype model is designed by consideration of finite element structural analysis with actuation mechanisms and aerodynamic analysis. Through wind tunnel experiment with the manufactured prototype model, smooth actuation without harmful deformation under 20 m/s airflow is demonstrated. The observed deformation shape is well correlated with simulated shape by analysis. Thereby, the feasibility of the present morphing wing mechanism and design process are verified.

Development of variable camber wing with morphing leading and trailing sections using corrugated structures

Based on two fields, namely the placement and the calcium concentration, a chemo-mechanically coupled three-dimensional model, describing the contractile behaviour of smooth muscles, is presented by means of a strain energy function. The strain energy function (Schmitz and Bol, 2011) is additively decomposed into a passive part, relating to elastin and collagen, and an active calcium-driven part related to the chemical contraction of the smooth muscle cells. For the description of the calcium phase the four state cross-bridge model of Hai and Murphy (Hai and Murphy, 1988) has been implemented into the finite element method. Beside three-dimensional illustrative boundary-value problems demonstrating the features of the presented modelling concept, simulations on an idealised artery document the applicability of the model to more realistic geometries.

A three-dimensional chemo-mechanical continuum model for smooth muscle contraction.

Bending deformation limits of corrugated unidirectionally reinforced composites

Buckling of multiple discrete composite bundles in the elastomeric foundation of a curvature-morphing skin

This paper presents a 3D unit-cell approach which enables the estimation of bending, inplaneand coupling stiffness properties in the sense of the classical laminated plate theory for arbitrarilyheterogeneous plates. Periodic boundary conditions which simultaneously allow for in-plane as wellas for bending and twist deformation modes are introduced. Additionally, bending experiments of glassfibre/epoxy cross-ply laminates with cracked outer layer at the tension side are conducted and the stiffnessdegradation due to these transverse cracks is compared to numerical results.

Numerical Modelling of the Change in Stiffness Properties of Cross-Ply Laminates Subjected to Large Bending Curvatures

A process chain for the development of a flexible and gapless wing leading edge
is being evolved within the framework of the Sonderforschungsbereich 880 (SFB880).
The main topic of the research is to achieve an exceedingly high degree of leading
edge morphing which is a key technology for realizing an actively blown Coand˘a-flap
based high lift system. In contrast to the state of the art smart droop nose concepts
the novel high lift system within SFB880 requires considerably more droop (> 300 %)
than achieved before. Thus, a new approach based on optimization of the skin and the
actuation kinematics in a loop is chosen. An additional feature of the new approach is
the application of compliant mechanisms for a beneficial distribution of the skin loads.
The content of this paper is formed by the detailed presentation of the framework for
topology optimization of a composite skin combined with actuation kinematics. The skin
must be deformable and bear the aerodynamical loads. Thus, after discussing important
structural requirements, a corrugated skin design with an emphasis on the deformation
limits is investigated.

Design of a contourvariable droop nose

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