Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, land-use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-the-art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100EJ: high agreement; 100-300EJ: medium agreement; above 300EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245EJyr(-1) to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2 degrees degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options.

/pdf/bioenergy-and-climate-change-mitigation-an-assessment-4kmc9b5mav.pdf

Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment.

https://www.wikigender.org/wp-content/uploads/files/IFPRIDP00882.pdf

Promising Approaches to Address the Needs of Poor Female Farmers: Resources, Constraints, and Interventions

We present a new framework to identify supply elasticities of storable commodities where past shocks are used as exogenous price shifters. In the agricultural context, past yield shocks change inventory levels and futures prices of agricultural commodities. We use our estimated elasticities to evaluate the impact of the 2009 Renewable Fuel Standard on commodity prices, quantities, and food consumers’ surplus for the four basic staples: corn, rice, soybeans, and wheat. Prices increase 20 per cent if one-third of commodities used to produce ethanol are recycled as feedstock, with a positively skewed 95 percent confidence interval that ranges from 14 to 35 per cent. (JEL Q11, Q16, Q42, Q48)

/pdf/identifying-supply-and-demand-elasticities-of-agricultural-25e6fbg06i.pdf

Identifying Supply and Demand Elasticities of Agricultural Commodities: Implications for the US Ethanol Mandate

(IFPRI) for the Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission and has not been peer-reviewed. The views expressed in this document are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission or IFPRI.

Global trade and environmental impact study of the EU biofuels mandate.

The pursuit of global food security and agricultural sustainability, the dual aim of the second sustainable development goal (SDG-2), requires urgent and concerted action from developing and developed countries. This, in turn, depends on clear and universally applicable targets and indicators which are partially lacking. The novel and complex nature of the SDGs poses further challenges to their implementation on the ground, especially in the face of interlinkages across SDG objectives and scales. Here we review the existing SDG-2 indicators, propose improvements to facilitate their operationalization, and illustrate their practical implementation in Nigeria, Brazil and the Netherlands. This exercise provides insights into the concrete actions needed to achieve SDG-2 across contrasting development contexts and highlights the challenges of addressing the links between targets and indicators within and beyond SDG-2. Ultimately, it underscores the need for integrated policies and reveals opportunities to leverage the fulfillment of SDG-2 worldwide.

/pdf/sustainable-development-goal-2-improved-targets-and-3ehe0kph8y.pdf

Sustainable development goal 2: Improved targets and indicators for agriculture and food security

The elasticity of aggregate supply of cropland is one key to understanding the degree to which policy-induced increases in demand for biofuel feedstocks or agricultural CO2 offsets will result in higher prices or expanded crop production. We report land supply elasticities for the United States and Brazil estimated directly from recent changes in planted crop acreage and estimated changes in expected returns. The resulting aggregate implied land-use elasticities with respect to price are quite inelastic in the United States and Brazil elasticities have declined sharply in recent years. The estimated elasticities imply that current estimates of land-based CO2 emissions from biofuels expansion may be overstated

/pdf/agricultural-land-elasticities-in-the-united-states-and-2vbhxq5lbv.pdf

Agricultural Land Elasticities in the United States and Brazil

/pdf/roadmap-for-sustainable-aviation-biofuels-for-brazil-a-5ftrr09f3l.pdf

Roadmap for sustainable aviation biofuels for Brazil — A Flightpath to Aviation Biofuels in Brazil

"This paper is devoted to better understanding of the Brazilian agricultural national policies towards domestic support and implications related to WTO rules. Domestic support has taken central stage in the last years and in light of a global economic crisis will play an even greater role in international trade politics. The paper focuses on Brazil and lays out the different domestic support policies used by the government. It is divided into five distinct parts for better comprehension. These parts are as follow: a synopsis of policies and recent studies; replication of official WTO support notifications; construction of consistent shadow notification; comparison and discussion of shadow notifications in relation to the WTO rules; and projected notifications through 2018. Also ethanol policies and the WTO rules were carefully analysed in order to better understand the Brazilian domestic support. Through this paper the reader will be able to have a better understanding of Brazilian agricultural domestic support policies with respect to WTO rules—a topic not well evaluated in the academic arena up to this time. A lot of scientific work has been done in the field of domestic support, but little has been done to better understand domestic support policies of specific countries in light of the WTO legal system." from authors' abstract

Brazil: Shadow WTO agricultural domestic support notifications

This study points out that Brazil's commitment to combat climate change had already been started when the country hosted in June 1992 the Conference of the United Conference on Environment and Development, also known as Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Being the world's largest tropical country, Brazil appears to be unique as the profile of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, Brazil used to be one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases through deforestation and probably would remain so, were it not for recent government approval of a series of measures to protect the forest. At the same time, it is likely that Brazil will suffer from significant adverse effects of climate change. Like many other countries, Brazil faces a double challenge, having to stimulate economic and social development and reduce GHG emissions. For this purpose, the World Bank study has adopted an approach of programmatic objectives that were aligned with the long-term Government of Brazil, in the following ways: (i) forecasting the future GHG emissions in Brazil, to establish a reference scenario; (ii) identifying and quantifying options that employ fewer carbon, to mitigate emissions as well as potential options to remove carbon, (iii) assessing the cost of these options with low carbon usage, identifying barriers to adoption and exploring measures. The urgent need to combat global climate change has been firmly established. An abundance of scientific evidence, including the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) and a recent review on the economics of climate change, led by Nicholas Stern (Stern 2007), emphasize the severe risks to human life, the middle environment and the global economy. It's hard to imagine an effective solution to stabilize GHG concentrations on the scale needed without Brazil playing a prominent role.

/pdf/estudo-de-baixo-carbono-para-o-brasil-uso-da-terra-mudancas-4az1ada96z.pdf

Estudo de Baixo Carbono para o Brasil : uso da terra, mudanças do uso da terra e florestas

/pdf/impacts-of-climate-change-on-brazilian-agriculture-2xl8ztyf2x.pdf

Impacts of Climate Change on Brazilian Agriculture

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