Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

Metal pollution in the aquatic environment

Humidity measurement is one of the most significant issues in various areas of applications such as instrumentation, automated systems, agriculture, climatology and GIS. Numerous sorts of humidity sensors fabricated and developed for industrial and laboratory applications are reviewed and presented in this article. The survey frequently concentrates on the RH sensors based upon their organic and inorganic functional materials, e.g., porous ceramics (semiconductors), polymers, ceramic/polymer and electrolytes, as well as conduction mechanism and fabrication technologies. A significant aim of this review is to provide a distinct categorization pursuant to state of the art humidity sensor types, principles of work, sensing substances, transduction mechanisms, and production technologies. Furthermore, performance characteristics of the different humidity sensors such as electrical and statistical data will be detailed and gives an added value to the report. By comparison of overall prospects of the sensors it was revealed that there are still drawbacks as to efficiency of sensing elements and conduction values. The flexibility offered by thick film and thin film processes either in the preparation of materials or in the choice of shape and size of the sensor structure provides advantages over other technologies. These ceramic sensors show faster response than other types.

/pdf/humidity-sensors-principle-mechanism-and-fabrication-q8mq7scozc.pdf

Humidity Sensors Principle, Mechanism, and Fabrication Technologies: A Comprehensive Review

Impedance and dielectric spectroscopy revisited: Distinguishing localized relaxation from long-range conductivity

On the interpretation of the NH3-TPD patterns of H-ZSM-5 and H-mordenite

The swelling of clay minerals on contact with an aqueous solution can produce strong adverse effects in the exploration and production of gas and oil. Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were used to study the mechanism of swelling of sodium-montmorillonite. The simulations showed that the abundant clay mineral has four stable states at basal spacings of 9.7, 12.0, 15.5, and 18.3 angstroms, respectively. The amount of swelling and the locations of the stable states of sodium-montmorillonite are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental data.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/271/5252/1102.full.pdf

The swelling of clays: molecular simulations of the hydration of montmorillonite.

Thermodynamic Properties of Adsorbed Water Molecules and Electrical Conduction in Montmorillonites and Silicas

Study of protonic transfers in the ammonia-silica gel system by infrared and pulsed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by conductivity measurements

Protons de constitution, protons libres et eau adsorbée

On a etudie l'effet de la temperature sur l'intensite des bandes de vibration de valence OH des solides suivants : micas, zeolites, boehmite, kaolinite, rnontmorillonite et gel de silice. ; Pour toutes ces substances, l'intensite de l'absorption diminue reversiblement en fonction de la temperature pour autant qu'on reste en-deca des conditions de deshydroxylation. La diminution est attribuee a une augmentation de la mobilite des protons dans la structure. Cette theorie a pu etre approfondie dans le cas assez simple de la boehmite ou l'on peut estimer raisonnablement les barrieres de potentiel separant les sites accessibles aux protons. La diminution d'intensite peut s'expliquer par la disparition des niveaux discrets de vibration au-dela d'un niveau d'energie ou la probabilite pour le proton de passer a travers la barriere de potentiel est proche de la frequence d'absorption. ; Certains mineraux, notamment la gibbsite, la bayerite et la brucite, ne manifestent pas de phenomene de delocalisation.

La délocalisation des protons dans les solides inorganiques

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Thermodynamic Properties of Adsorbed Water Molecules and Electrical Conduction in Montmorillonites and Silicas

Study of protonic transfers in the ammonia-silica gel system by infrared and pulsed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by conductivity measurements

Protons de constitution, protons libres et eau adsorbée

La délocalisation des protons dans les solides inorganiques