Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties. A review on their potentialities as bioinsecticides

The adaptation of insects to plant protease inhibitors.

Plants respond to insect herbivory with responses broadly known as direct defenses, indirect defenses, and tolerance. Direct defenses include all plant traits that affect susceptibility of host plants by themselves. Overall categories of direct plant defenses against insect herbivores include limiting food supply, reducing nutrient value, reducing preference, disrupting physical structures, and inhibiting chemical pathways of the attacking insect. Major known defense chemicals include plant secondary metabolites, protein inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes, proteases, lectins, amino acid deaminases and oxidases. Multiple factors with additive or even synergistic impact are usually involved in defense against a specific insect species, and factors of major importance to one insect species may only be of secondary importance or not effective at all against another insect species. Extensive qualitative and quantitative high throughput analyses of temporal and spatial variations in gene expression, protein level and activity, and metabolite concentration will accelerate not only the understanding of the overall mechanisms of direct defense, but also accelerate the identification of specific targets for enhancement of plant resistance for agriculture.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2008.00190.x

Inducible direct plant defense against insect herbivores: A review

https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(97)01171-2.pdf

Insect-resistant transgenic plants

Plant Resistance to Insects

The aim of this study was to test the potential of proteinase inhibitors to controlChrysomela tremulae, a beetle that causes severe damage in young plantations and in short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) of poplar. As a first step, cysteine proteinases were determined to be the major digestive proteinases ofC. tremulae and oryzacystatin OCI, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, was shown to inhibit this activityin vitro. The gene encoding OCI was introduced into poplar (Populus tremula ×P. tremuloides) and transgenic plants expressing OCI at a high level were selected. Feeding tests on these transgenic plants demonstrate the toxicity of OCI-producing poplar leaves againstC. tremulae larvae.

Toxicity to Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of transgenic poplars expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor

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Toxicity to Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of transgenic poplars expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor