Objective: Two chronic, traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases, where cognition improved following treatment with red and near-infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs), applied transcranially to forehead and scalp areas, are presented. Background: Significant benefits have been reported following application of transcranial, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to humans with acute stroke and mice with acute TBI. These are the first case reports documenting improved cognitive function in chronic, TBI patients treated with transcranial LED. Methods: Treatments were applied bilaterally and to midline sagittal areas using LED cluster heads [2.1″ diameter, 61 diodes (9 × 633 nm, 52 × 870 nm); 12–15 mW per diode; total power: 500 mW; 22.2 mW/cm2; 13.3 J/cm2 at scalp (estimated 0.4 J/cm2 to cortex)]. Results: Seven years after closed-head TBI from a motor vehicle accident, Patient 1 began transcranial LED treatments. Pre-LED, her ability for sustained attention (computer work) lasted 20 min. After eight weekly LED ...

Improved Cognitive Function After Transcranial, Light-Emitting Diode Treatments in Chronic, Traumatic Brain Injury: Two Case Reports

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in humans. Despite the progress in cancer treatment, and an increase in the effectiveness of diagnostic methods, cancer is still highly lethal and very difficult to treat in many cases. Combination therapy, in the context of cancer treatment, seems to be a promising option that may allow minimizing treatment side effects and may have a significant impact on the cure. It may also increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, combination treatment can significantly increase delivery of drugs to cancerous tissues. Photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia seem to be ideal examples that prove the effectiveness of combination therapy. These two kinds of therapy can kill cancer cells through different mechanisms and activate various signaling pathways. Both PDT and hyperthermia play significant roles in the perfusion of a tumor and the network of blood vessels wrapped around it. The main goal of combination therapy is to combine separate mechanisms of action that will make cancer cells more sensitive to a given therapeutic agent. Such an approach in treatment may contribute toward increasing its effectiveness, optimizing the cancer treatment process in the future.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/8/1147/pdf

Photodynamic Therapy and Hyperthermia in Combination Treatment-Neglected Forces in the Fight against Cancer

Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function? A systematic review of human studies

Background

Transcranial near-infrared (tNIR) stimulation was proven to be a safe, reliable, and effective treatment for cognitive and behavioral symptoms of dementia. Dementia patients of different genders differ in terms of gross anatomy, biochemistry, genetic profile, clinical presentations, and socio-psychological status. Studies of the tNIR effect on dementia have thus far been gender-neutral, with dementia subjects being grouped based on diagnoses or dementia severity. This trial hereby investigated how dementia subjects of different sex respond to tNIR treatment.

Methods

A total of 60 patient-caregiver dyads were enrolled and randomized to this double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial. The tNIR light has a wavelength of 1,060 nm to 1,080 nm and was delivered via a photobiomodulation (PBM) unit. The active PBM unit emits near-infrared (NIR) light while the sham unit does not. The treatment consists of a six-minute tNIR light stimulation session twice daily for eight weeks. Neuropsychological assessments conducted at baseline (week 0) and endline (week 8) were compared within the female and male group and between different sex, respectively.

Results

Over the course of treatment, active-arm female subjects had a 20.2% improvement in Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE) (mean 4.8 points increase, p < 0.001) and active-arm male cohort had 19.3% improvement (p < 0.001). Control-arm female subjects had a 6.5% improvement in MMSE (mean 1.5 points increase, p < 0.03) and control-arm male subjects had 5.9% improvement (p = 0.35) with no significant differences in the mean MMSE between female and male subjects in both arms respectively. Other comparison of assessments including Clock Copying and Drawing Test, Logical Memory Test - immediate and delayed recall yielded nominal but not statistically significant differences. No significant differences were observed in the mean MMSE between female and male subjects in both arms respectively before treatment implementation (active arm, p = 0.12; control arm, p = 0.50) at week 0, or after treatment completion (active arm, p = 0.11; control arm, p = 0.74) at week 8.

Conclusion

Despite differences between female and male dementia subjects, the response to tNIR light stimulation does not demonstrate gender-based differences. Further studies are warranted to refine the tNIR treatment protocol for subjects suffering from dementia or dementia-related symptoms.

Gender Differences of Dementia in Response to Intensive Self-Administered Transcranial and Intraocular Near-Infrared Stimulation

Este estudo objetivou analisar a associacao da forca de preensao manual com morbidades referidas e multimorbidade em adultos de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, mediante inquerito de base populacional com 1.395 adultos de ambos os sexos. As associacoes, por sexo, foram estimadas com a tecnica de regressao logistica. A media de forca de preensao manual nos homens (44,8kg) e maior que entre as mulheres (29kg) e reduz com a idade. A diferenca da forca de preensao manual media entre aqueles classificados como fortes e fracos foi 21kg e 15,5kg, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Controlando para a faixa etaria, indice de massa corporal e atividade fisica quando relevante, homens com baixa forca de preensao manual tiveram maiores chances de ocorrencia de hipertensao [OR = 2,21 (1,35; 3,61)], diabetes [OR = 4,18 (1,35; 12,95)], disturbio musculoesqueletico [OR = 1,67 (1,07; 2,61)] e multimorbidade [OR = 1,99 (1,27; 3,12)]. Nas mulheres, associacoes entre forca de preensao manual e evento cardiovascular, dislipidemia, disturbio muscolesqueletico e multimorbidade nao se mantiveram nos modelos multivariados. Este estudo endossa o uso da forca de preensao manual como biomarcador de saude.

/pdf/asociacion-entre-la-fuerza-de-prension-manual-con-las-4dbpd2ca0y.pdf

Asociación entre la fuerza de prensión manual con las morbilidades referidas en adultos de Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil: estudio de base poblacional

Transcranial photobiomodulation is an innovative method for the stimulation of neural activity which consists of the exposure of neural tissue to low-level light irradiance. In the present study, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as light source due to their practicality and low cost. The objective was to analyze the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation using 945-nm LED in university students with anxiety and depression. Sample was composed of 22 individuals (17–25 years of age) divided into 2 groups of 11. LED group was treated with 945-nm LEDs for 1 min and 25 s (9.35 J/cm2), while in the placebo group, the device was off when placed in contact with the frontal bone for the same amount of time as in treatment group. Participants were evaluated at baseline and after 30 days with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), the faces test, the designs test, and the grip strength test. On the HADS for anxiety, the mean PAB, PAA, PhAB, and PhAA were 13.89 ± 3.55, 12.82 ± 3.18, 10.75 ± 2.49, and 6.66 ± 2.50 points, respectively. In the HADS for depression, the mean for the PDB group was 13.89 ± 3.55 points, in the PhDB group 12.82 ± 3.18 points, in the PDA group 10.75 ± 2.49 points, and in the PhDA group 6.66 ± 2.50 points. In the PA and PD groups, mean values of 8.0 ± 1.5 and 8.9 ± 1.26 scores were obtained, but did not reach significance; however, between PA and PhD analysis, a significance level of p = 0.0003 was obtained. The 945-nm LED transcranial photobiomodulation improves brain activity and may clinically decrease anxiety and depression.

Study of transcranial photobiomodulation at 945-nm wavelength: anxiety and depression

Photodynamic therapy is a therapeutic resource used to treat different pathologies such as neoplasias and wound healing. It consists of a light coupled to a photosensitizer that is used to react with oxygen and forming reactive oxygen species that reach target cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PDT on the healing of second-degree burns. The study used 45 Wistar Rattus Norvegicus divided into three groups, two with lesions and treatment and one with lesions and without treatment (control group). Group PDT6 was lesioned and treated with 630- nm LED PDT and group PDT9 was lesioned and treated with 945- nm LED PDT. The results suggest collagen deposition and development of cellular structures of normal tissue in the treated groups compared to the control groups. It was concluded that the PDT treatment induced enhanced tissue repair in the treated groups; the best results were observed using the 630- nm LED.

Comparative study in photodynamic therapy using the same photosensitizer in tissue repair after second-degree burns in an experimental model

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Study of transcranial photobiomodulation at 945-nm wavelength: anxiety and depression

Comparative study in photodynamic therapy using the same photosensitizer in tissue repair after second-degree burns in an experimental model