Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Development of the Biome-BGC model for simulation of managed herbaceous ecosystems

Vegetation maps are important sources of information for biodiversity conservation, ecological studies, vegetation management and restoration, and national strategic decision making. The current Vegetation Map of China (1:1000000) was generated by a team of more than 250 scientists in an effort that lasted over 20 years starting in the 1980s. However, the vegetation distribution of China has experienced drastic changes during the rapid development of China in the last three decades, and it urgently needs to be updated to better represent the distribution of current vegetation types. Here, we describe the process of updating the Vegetation Map of China (1:1000000) generated in the 1980s using a “crowdsourcing-change detection-classification-expert knowledge” vegetation mapping strategy. A total of 203,024 field samples were collected, and 50 taxonomists were involved in the updating process. The resulting updated map has 12 vegetation type groups, 55 vegetation types/subtypes, and 866 vegetation formation/sub-formation types. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the updated map are 64.8% and 0.52 at the vegetation type group level, 61% and 0.55 at the vegetation type/subtype level and 40% and 0.38 at the vegetation formation/sub-formation level. When compared to the original map, the updated map showed that 3.3 million km2 of vegetated areas of China have changed their vegetation type group during the past three decades due to anthropogenic activities and climatic change. We expect this updated map to benefit the understanding and management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems.

An updated Vegetation Map of China (1:1000000)

Habitat loss is a key driver of biodiversity loss. However, hardly any long-term time series analyses of habitat loss are available above the local scale for finer-level habitat categories. We analysed, from a long-term perspective, the habitat specificity of habitat-area loss, the change in trends in habitat loss since 1989 (dissolution of the communist state), and the impact of protected areas on habitat loss in Hungary. We studied 20 seminatural habitat types in 5000 randomly selected localities over 7 periods from 1783 to 2013 based on historical maps, archival and recent aerial photos and satellite imagery, botanical descriptions, and field data. We developed a method for estimating habitat types based on information transfer between historical sources (i.e., information from a source was used to interpret or enrich information from another source). Trends in habitat loss over time were habitat specific. We identified 7 types of habitat loss over time regarding functional form: linear, exponential, linear and exponential, delayed, minimum, maximum, and disappearance. Most habitats had continuous loss from period to period. After 1986 the average annual rates of habitat loss increased, but the trend reversed after 2002. Nature conservation measures significantly affected habitat loss; net loss was halted, albeit only inside protected areas. When calculating the degree of endangerment based on short-term data (52 years), we classified only 1 habitat as critically endangered, but based on long-term data (230 years), this increased to 7 (including habitat that no longer existed). Hungary will probably reach the global Convention on Biological Diversity Target 5 but will probably not achieve the EU Biodiversity Strategy target of halting habitat loss by 2020. Long-term trend data were highly useful when we examined recent habitat-loss data in a wider context. Our method could be applied effectively in other countries to augment shorter-term data sets on trends in habitat area.

https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.13038

Use of long-term data to evaluate loss and endangerment status of Natura 2000 habitats and effects of protected areas.

Questions
Multiple potential natural vegetation (MPNV) is a framework for the probabilistic and multilayer representation of potential vegetation in an area. How can an MPNV model be implemented and synthesized for the full range of vegetation types across a large spatial domain such as a country? What additional ecological and practical information can be gained compared to traditional potential natural vegetation (PNV) estimates?

Location
Hungary.

Methods
MPNV was estimated by modelling the occurrence probabilities of individual vegetation types using gradient boosting models (GBM). Vegetation data from the Hungarian Actual Habitat Database (META) and information on the abiotic background (climatic data, soil characteristics, hydrology) were used as inputs to the models. To facilitate MPNV interpretation a new technique for model synthesis (re-scaling) enabling comprehensive visual presentation (synthetic maps) was developed which allows for a comparative view of the potential distribution of individual vegetation types.

Results
The main result of MPNV modelling is a series of raw and re-scaled probability maps of individual vegetation types for Hungary. Raw probabilities best suit within-type analyses, while re-scaled estimations can also be compared across vegetation types. The latter create a synthetic overview of a location's PNV as a ranked list of vegetation types, and make the comparison of actual and potential landscape composition possible. For example, a representation of forest vs grasslands in MPNV revealed a high level of overlap of the potential range of the two formations in Hungary.

Conclusion
The MPNV approach allows viewing the potential vegetation composition of locations in far more detail than the PNV approach. Re-scaling the probabilities estimated by the models allows easy access to the results by making potential presence of vegetation types with different data structure comparable for queries and synthetic maps. The wide range of applications identified for MPNV (conservation and restoration prioritization, landscape evaluation) suggests that the PNV concept with the extension towards vegetation distributions is useful both for research and application.

Implementation and application of multiple potential natural vegetation models - a case study of Hungary

In this paper we present the main characteristics of a new, grid-based, landscape-ecology-oriented, satellite-image supported, field vegetation mapping method, called META (META stands for Magyarorszagi Előhelyek Terkepi Adatbazisa: GIS Database of the Hungarian Habitats). The goals of the META method based vegetation mapping program (META mapping) include the following: (1) to map the actual (semi-)natural vegetation of Hungary; (2) to evaluate Hungarian (semi-)natural vegetation heritage for conservation purposes; (3) to evaluate the present state of Hungarian landscapes from a vegetation point of view; (4) to collect vegetation and landscape ecological data for the prognosis of future changes of vegetation and the landscape. Spatial resolution, mapped attributes and mapping methods were developed to meet these goals. The META method uses a hexagon grid with cells of 35 hectares. In the hexagons, habitat types are listed, then the area, naturalness-based habitat quality, spatial pattern in the hexagon, effect of the neighbourhood, connectedness, and threats are recorded for each habitat type. Other attributes are recorded in the hexagons: potential natural vegetation, area occupied by invasive plant species, area of old fields, land use of grasslands, and landscape health status (naturalness and regeneration potential of the landscape in general). One hundred hexagons form a quadrat — mainly for practical, organizational reasons, but also for collecting certain vegetation data at this spatial scale. For standardization of mapping, three different pre-printed data sheets and two different kinds of guides have been composed (Mapping Guide and Habitat Guide) and field trainings were organized. For standardization of estimation of naturalness-based habitat quality and regeneration potential field examples were prepared for each habitat type and each category of these attributes.

A grid-based, satellite-image supported, multi-attributed vegetation mapping method (MÉTA)

A TANULMÁNY CÉLJA 
A tanulmány célja Dunning–Kruger-hatás elemzése az üzleti felsőoktatási szakképzésben, illetve annak vizsgálata, hogy az önértékelés pontossága fejleszthető-e a felkészültség emelésével. 
ALKALMAZOTT MÓDSZERTAN 
Feleltválasztásos vizsgatesztek eredményeit (N = 359) vetettük össze a hallgatók saját vizsga előtti és utáni becsléseivel, lineáris regressziós modellekben, kontroll változók szerepeltetése mellett. 
LEGFONTOSABB EREDMÉNYEK 
A gyengébb teljesítményű hallgatók hajlamosabbak saját teljesítményüket felül- és egyben pontatlanabbul értékelni. A felkészültebb hallgatók hajlamosabbak korrigálni önértékelésüket a megszerzett tapasztalatok alapján. Ezt mind a vizsgák alatt, mind két vizsga között alátámasztottuk. Mindezekben nem találtunk különbséget a nemek között. 
GYAKORLATI JAVASLATOK 
Eredményeink alapján mind a tesztírás maga, mind az alaposabb felkészülés csökkentette az önértékelési hibákat, ezért javasolható a tesztelés gyakoriságának növelése (évközi és/vagy próbatesztekkel). 
Köszönetnyilvánítás: A tanulmány az EFOP3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00007-"Tehetségből fiatal kutató" – A kutatói életpályát támogató tevékenységek a felsőoktatásban projekt támogatásával készült.

Tudják-e a hallgatók, hogy mennyit (nem) tudnak? – A Dunning–Kruger-hatás vizsgálata üzleti szakokon tanuló felsőoktatási szakképzéses hallgatók körében

A TANULMÁNY CÉLJA
Dunning–Kruger-hatásként (DKH) ismert az a jelenség, hogy a rosszabbul teljesítő egyének hajlamosabbak pontatlanabbul és felfelé torzítva becsülni saját teljesítményüket. Jelen kutatás e hatást kívánja mérni marketing kurzusok keretében a magyar felsőoktatásban, amivel bővíti a hazai szakirodalomban eddig, ilyen szempontból elemzett tantárgyak körét.
ALKALMAZOTT MÓDSZERTAN
Az adatgyűjtés 2021 májusában zajlott 3 alapképzéses szak marketing témájú kurzusain, online zárthelyi dolgozatok keretében (N=160). A hallgatók a dolgozat első és utolsó kérdéseként megbecsülhették az elért pontszámukat. A hatás definíciója alapján feltételeztük, hogy a magasabb pontszámot elérő hallgatók pontosabbak és kevésbé becsülik felül pontszámaikat a dolgozat megírása előtt és után egyaránt. További hipotézisünk szerint a jobb teljesítményűek több információt szereznek saját tudásukról a teszt alatt, ezért náluk a vizsga után átlagosan kisebb a pontszámok felülbecslése és a becslési hiba, mint előtte. Vizsgáltuk még, hogy a DKH egyformán jelenik-e meg a nőknél és a férfiaknál is. A kutatásban elsősorban többváltozós lineáris regressziós modelleket alkalmaztunk.
LEGFONTOSABB EREDMÉNYEK
Eredményeink alátámasztották, hogy minél gyengébb teljesítményt ért el egy hallgató, annál pontatlanabbul ítélte meg és egyben jobban felül is becsülte várható pontszámát. A jobban teljesítők becslései hajlamosabbak voltak a dolgozat végére optimistábbá és pontatlanabbá válni. Ugyanakkor a nemek nem mutattak összefüggést a vizsgált hatással.
GYAKORLATI JAVASLATOK
A kutatás eredményei alapján a gyengébben teljesítő hallgatók kevésbé vannak tisztában saját tudásukkal, így nem is érzik annyira szükségét a fokozottabb felkészülésnek. Ez az oktatók számára azt jelenti, hogy az oktatás során az ismeretátadáson túl e hatás csökkentésére, kiküszöbölésére is figyelmet kell fordítani, például a kijavított dolgozatok közös áttekintése révén, különösen, mivel a képzés során szerzett kudarcok a lemorzsolódás egyik okát jelentik.

/pdf/a-dunning-kruger-hatas-megjelenese-felsooktatasi-marketing-1lnj5f9s.pdf

A Dunning–Kruger-hatás megjelenése felsőoktatási marketing kurzusok számonkérésein

A Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. atlanti-mediterrán gyomnövény. Régi megfigyelései ismer­tek Budapest térségéből, de ezek alkalmi megjelenések lehettek, a faj előfordulását több mint száz éve nem erősítették meg hazánkban. Az elmúlt néhány évben a faj hat új, spontán előfordulását talál­tuk Magyarországon, egy állományt Budapesten, további ötöt a Balaton északi partmellékének települé­sein. Minden esetben belterületek ruderális vagy intenzíven nyírt élőhelyein észleltük. Megjelenésében az intenzív turizmus szerepe biztosra vehető, de önfenntartó populációinak létrejöttében és már érzé­kelhető regionális terjedésében az éghajlati adottságok kedvezőbbé válása, az egyre enyhébb telek, a fagyos napok számának csökkenése is kulcsfontosságú lehet. A magyarországi adatok csatlakoznak a faj más közép-európai adventív előfordulásaihoz.

/pdf/a-torilis-nodosa-uj-behurcolasai-es-terjedese-magyarorszagon-1e8n3xt3.pdf

A Torilis nodosa új behurcolásai és terjedése Magyarországon

Ewald (Folia Geobot. 38: 357–366, 2003, this issue) stated that in Central Europe the number of calcifrequent species is higher than the number of acidofrequent species, while the range of acidofrequent communities is larger than that of the calcifrequent ones. All the explanations considered in his paper are based on an evolutionary spatial and temporal scale. In this paper we are trying to prove that local effects might also be important. Five open rock grassland communities on different bedrocks, viz. rhyolite (acidic), andesite (slightly acidic), calcareous sandstone (slightly calcareous), limestone (calcareous) and dolomite (calcareous) were chosen for the analysis. Two parameters of the species-area curve (i.e., local richness and the slope of log area-species richness line) were estimated based on all species and on rock specialist species separately. With this method we could simultaneously study three attributes of diversity: local species number, the slope of log area-species richness line, and species pool size. We found that the size of the regional species pool is determined by local effects through local richness (slopes do not differ significantly). Consequently, in this case weathering is a more important characteristic for bedrocks than the Ca2+ content. The extremely high number of rock species on dolomite is also determined by local effects; the fine, continuously changing pattern of microhabitats makes the role of competition weaker. The slope of log area-species richness line, calculated for the rock specialist species is unambiguously higher on the calcareous grasslands. The difference can be explained by the smaller species pool on acidic rocks caused by the lower speciation ability. This is supported by the fact that the endemic species of dry habitats are concerntrated on the calcareous ones. One possible explanation for the lower speciation ability could be that adaptation to acidic habitats is more difficult than to calcareous ones. The different behaviour of rock specialist species is the consequence of the limited permeability of the surrounding landscape. Hence, on calcareous habitats the arrival of all species from the larger species pool needs more time.

On the possible role of local effects on the species richness of acidic and calcareous rock grasslands in northern Hungary

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