FLUKA is a general purpose Monte Carlo code able to describe the transport and interaction of any particle and nucleus type in complex geometries over an energy range extending from thermal neutrons to ultrarelativistic hadron collisions. It has many different applications in accelerator design, detector studies, dosimetry, radiation protection, medical physics, and space research. In 2019, CERN and INFN, as FLUKA copyright holders, together decided to end their formal collaboration framework, allowing them henceforth to pursue different pathways aimed at meeting the evolving requirements of the FLUKA user community, and at ensuring the long term sustainability of the code. To this end, CERN set up the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration 1 . This paper illustrates the physics processes that have been newly released or are currently implemented in the code distributed by the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration 2 under new licensing conditions that are meant to further facilitate access to the code, as well as intercomparisons. The description of coherent effects experienced by high energy hadron beams in crystal devices, relevant to promising beam manipulation techniques, and the charged particle tracking in vacuum regions subject to an electric field, overcoming a former lack, have already been made available to the users. Other features, namely the different kinds of low energy deuteron interactions as well as the synchrotron radiation emission in the course of charged particle transport in vacuum regions subject to magnetic fields, are currently undergoing systematic testing and benchmarking prior to release. FLUKA is widely used to evaluate radiobiological effects, with the powerful support of the Flair graphical interface, whose new generation (Available at http://flair.cern) offers now additional capabilities, e.g., advanced 3D visualization with photorealistic rendering and support for industry-standard volume visualization of medical phantoms. FLUKA has also been playing an extensive role in the characterization of radiation environments in which electronics operate. In parallel, it has been used to evaluate the response of electronics to a variety of conditions not included in radiation testing guidelines and standards for space and accelerators, and not accessible through conventional ground level testing. Instructive results have been obtained from Single Event Effects (SEE) simulations and benchmarks, when possible, for various radiation types and energies. The code has reached a high level of maturity, from which the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration is planning a substantial evolution of its present architecture. Moving towards a modern programming language allows to overcome fundamental constraints that limited development options. Our long term goal, in addition to improving and extending its physics performances with even more rigorous scientific oversight, is to modernize its structure to integrate independent contributions more easily and to formalize quality assurance through state-of-the-art software deployment techniques. This includes a continuous integration pipeline to automatically validate the codebase as well as automatic processing and analysis of a tailored physics-case test suite. With regard to the aforementioned objectives, several paths are currently envisaged, like finding synergies with Geant4, both at the core structure and interface level, this way offering the user the possibility to run with the same input different Monte Carlo codes and crosscheck the results.

/pdf/new-capabilities-of-the-fluka-multi-purpose-code-3gxuu8ua.pdf

New Capabilities of the FLUKA Multi-Purpose Code

The R2E project at CERN has tested a few commercial SRAMs and a custom-designed SRAM, whose data are complementary to various scientific publications The experimental data include low- and high-energy protons, heavy ions, thermal, intermediate- and high-energy neutrons, high-energy electrons and high-energy pions

/pdf/seu-characterization-of-commercial-and-custom-designed-srams-1mepjlbc2g.pdf

SEU characterization of commercial and custom-designed SRAMs based on 90 nm technology and below

This paper presents the first plasmid DNA irradiations carried out with Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) over 100–200 MeV at the CLEAR user facility at CERN to determine the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of VHEE DNA damage yields were measured in dry and aqueous environments to determine that ~ 99% of total DNA breaks were caused by indirect effects, consistent with other published measurements for protons and photons Double-Strand Break (DSB) yield was used as the biological endpoint for RBE calculation, with values found to be consistent with established radiotherapy modalities Similarities in physical damage between VHEE and conventional modalities gives confidence that biological effects of VHEE will also be similar—key for clinical implementation Damage yields were used as a baseline for track structure simulations of VHEE plasmid irradiation using GEANT4-DNA Current models for DSB yield have shown reasonable agreement with experimental values The growing interest in FLASH radiotherapy motivated a study into DSB yield variation with dose rate following VHEE irradiation No significant variations were observed between conventional and FLASH dose rate irradiations, indicating that no FLASH effect is seen under these conditions

/pdf/evaluating-very-high-energy-electron-rbe-from-nanodosimetric-3dawhzulzd.pdf

Evaluating Very High Energy Electron RBE from nanodosimetric pBR322 plasmid DNA damage

This study investigates the response of synchronous dynamic random access memories to energetic electrons and especially the possibility of electrons to cause stuck bits in these memories. Three different memories with different node sizes (63, 72, and 110 nm) were tested. Electrons with energies between 6 and 200 MeV were used at RADiation Effects Facility (RADEF) in Jyvaskyla, Finland, and at Very energetic Electron facility for Space Planetary Exploration missions in harsh Radiative environments (VESPER) in The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Switzerland. Photon irradiation was also performed in Jyvaskyla. In these irradiation tests, stuck bits originating from electron-induced single-event effects (SEEs) were found, as well as single bit-flips from single electrons. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first time that stuck bits from single-electron events have been reported in the literature. It is argued in the article that the single-event bit-flips and stuck bits are caused by the same damage mechanism, which would be large displacement damage clusters, and that the two different fault modes represent different amounts of damage to the memory cell. After a large particle fluence, a rapid increase in the error rate was observed, originating from the accumulation of smaller displacement damage clusters in the memory cells. The 110-nm memory was a candidate component to fly on the European Space Agency (ESA) JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, so the SEE cross section as a function of electron energy was compared to the expected electron environment encountered by JUICE to estimate the error rates during the mission.

/pdf/electron-induced-upsets-and-stuck-bits-in-sdrams-in-the-5a00tpytb1.pdf

Electron-Induced Upsets and Stuck Bits in SDRAMs in the Jovian Environment

A method to monitor the length of a particle bunch, based on the combination of a Radio Frequency Deflector (RFD) with magnetic focusing elements, is presented. With respect to state-of-the-art bunch length measurement, the additional focusing element allows to measure also the correlations between the longitudinal and transverse planes in terms of both position and divergence. Furthermore, the quadrupole-based focusing increases the input dynamic range of the measurement system (i.e.  allows for a larger range of beam Twiss parameters at the entrance of the RFD). Thus, measurement resolution and precision are enhanced, by simultaneously preserving the accuracy. In this paper, the method is first introduced analytically, and then validated in simulation, by the reference tool ELEctron Generation ANd Tracking, ELEGANT. Finally, a preliminary experimental validation at CLEAR (CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research) is reported.

/pdf/enhancing-particle-bunch-length-measurements-based-on-radio-hh6p4h2rrz.pdf

Enhancing particle bunch-length measurements based on Radio Frequency Deflector by the use of focusing elements.

The CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) has now finished its second year of operation, providing a testbed for new accelerator technologies and a versatile radiation source. Hosting a varied experimental program, this beamline provides a flexible test facility for users both internal and external to CERN, as well as being an excellent accelerator physics training ground. The energy can be varied between 60 and 220 MeV, bunch length between 1 and 4 ps, bunch charge in the range 10 pC to 2 nC, and number of bunches in the range 1 to 200, at a repetition rate of 0.8 to 10 Hz. The status of the facility with an overview of the recent experimental results is presented.

/pdf/status-of-the-clear-electron-beam-user-facility-at-cern-3n91svwavc.pdf

Status of the CLEAR Electron Beam User Facility at CERN

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Status of the CLEAR Electron Beam User Facility at CERN