A review on cationic starch and nanocellulose as paper coating components

Active films were prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blended with itaconic acid (Ia), and with chitosan (Ch), enriched with tomato processing by-products extract (TBE) in order to develop new bioactive formulations for food packaging. The effects of two biopolymers (Ch, Ia) and of the incorporated TBE—containing phenolic compounds and carotenoids—were studied regarding the physical and antimicrobial properties of films; in addition, their influence on the total phenolic content, viscosity, and flow behavior on the film-forming solutions was investigated. The results showed increased physical properties (diameter, thickness, density, weight) of the films containing the TBE versus their control. TBE and Ch conferred significant antimicrobial effects to PVA films toward all the tested microorganisms, whereas the best inhibition was registered against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of <0.078 mg DW/mL. The Ia-PVA films also exhibited some antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa (2.5 mg DW/mL). The total phenolic content of the film-forming solutions presented the highest values for the TBE and Ch-added PVA samples (0.208 mg gallic acid/100 mL film-forming solution). These results suggest that the PVA + Ch film containing TBE can be used for the development of intelligent and active food packaging materials.

Active Packaging—Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Films Enriched with Tomato By-Products Extract

For a wide range of applications, films are deposited from colloidal particles suspended in a volatile liquid. There is burgeoning interest in stratifying colloidal particles into separate layers within the final dry film to impart properties at the surface different to the interior. Here, we outline the mechanisms by which colloidal mixtures can stratify during the drying process. The problem is considered here as a three-way competition between evaporation of the continuous liquid, sedimentation of particles, and their Brownian diffusion. In particle mixtures, the sedimentation of larger or denser particles offers one means of stratification. When the rate of evaporation is fast relative to diffusion, binary mixtures of large and small particles can stratify with small particles on the top, according to physical models and computer simulations. We compare experimental results found in the scientific literature to the predictions of several recent models in a quantitative way. Although there is not perfect agreement between them, some general trends emerge in the experiments, simulations and models. The stratification of small particles on the top of a film is favoured when the colloidal suspension is dilute but when both the concentration of the small particles and the solvent evaporation rate are sufficiently high. A higher particle size ratio also favours stratification by size. This review points to ways that microstructures can be designed and controlled in colloidal materials to achieve desired properties.

A critical and quantitative review of the stratification of particles during the drying of colloidal films

Direct simulation of drying colloidal suspension on substrate using immersed free surface model

A numerical tool has been developed for particle-level simulations of fibre suspension flows, particularly forming of the fibre network structure of paper sheets in the paper machine The 

/pdf/modelling-and-simulation-of-paper-structure-development-f83eq99tu4.pdf

Modelling and simulation of paper structure development

Influence of colloidal interactions on pigment coating layer structure formation.

Microstructure development in consolidating pigment coating layers was studied in terms of particle flocculation and clustering mechanisms utilising a 3D particle dynamics model. The model includes hydrodynamic forces, colloidal interactions as well as the Brownian motion. The influence of colloidal interactions and drying strategy on the coating layer thickness development and internal solid concentration gradients, was investigated. A low particle surface potential resulted in the formation of porous particle networks, which impeded the shrinkage of the coating layer. At higher surface potentials particles arranged into denser structures, whereby the solids concentration profile could be controlled by the drying. Low electrostatic double layer thicknesses allowed sharp concentration gradients to form as result of the applied drying strategy. At high double layer thicknesses, the structure formation was similar regardless of drying strategy. This work elucidates the combined effect of drying conditions and colloidal suspension properties on coating microstructure development. Furthermore, the results aid in the understanding of how coating suspension additives may influence the structure development of the coating layer.

Structure formation mechanisms in consolidating pigment coatings—Simulation and visualisation

The dynamic microstructure development of consolidating pigment coating layers was studied. The influence of drying strategy on z-direction solids profile development and small particle distribution was investigated. Results complement macroscopic modelling and pilot trial results published elsewhere. Particle systems with size distribution resembling ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and post-metering coating thicknesses of 10-30 μm was studied using a 3D particle dynamics model, which included hydrodynamic interactions, colloidal interactions and Brownian motion. The drying strategy influenced structure formation and particle distribution within the immobilised layer. The consolidation time was usually 0.3-0.5 seconds. Skinning occurred only in thick coating layers and as result of intense drying. While the solids concentration evened out over time, the small particle distribution often persisted also after consolidation. This work provides a deeper understanding of coating structure formation and its controlling mechanisms. The results can suggest ways of better controlling and optimising consolidation and drying to obtain desirable coated paper properties.

Influence of Drying Strategy on Coating Layer Structure Formation

A particle motion model for the study of consolidation phenomena

Small Particle Mobility in Consolidating Coating Layers

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