Mohamed Abdallah, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Geza Benke, Monash University, Australia Mark F. Cesta, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Melissa Friesen, National Cancer Institute, USA Dori Germolec, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, USA Keith Houck, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA Gaku Ichihara, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Charles William Jameson, CWJ Consulting, LLC, USA Jun Kanno, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan Hans Kromhout, Utrecht University, The Netherlands M. Matilde Marques, University of Lisbon Igor Pogribny, National Center for Toxicological Research, USA Consolato Maria Sergi, University of Alberta, Canada Camilla Svendsen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway

IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; dry cleaning, some chlorinated solvents and other industrial chemicals.

Background. Existing fetal growth references all suffer from 1 or more major methodologic problems, including errors in reported gestational age, biologically implausible birth weight for gestational age, insufficient sample sizes at low gestational age, single-hospital or other non-population–based samples, and inadequate statistical modeling techniques. Methods. We used the newly developed Canadian national linked file of singleton births and infant deaths for births between 1994 and 1996, for which gestational age is largely based on early ultrasound estimates. Assuming a normal distribution for birth weight at each gestational age, we used the expectation-maximization algorithm to exclude infants with gestational ages that were more consistent with 40-week births than with the observed gestational age. Distributions of birth weight at the corrected gestational ages were then statistically smoothed. Results. The resulting male and female curves provide smooth and biologically plausible means, standard deviations, and percentile cutoffs for defining small- and large-for-gestational-age births. Large-for-gestational age cutoffs (90th percentile) at low gestational ages are considerably lower than those of existing references, whereas small-for-gestational-age cutoffs (10th percentile) postterm are higher. For example, compared with the current World Health Organization reference from California (Williams et al, 1982) and a recently proposed US national reference (Alexander et al, 1996), the 90th percentiles for singleton males at 30 weeks are 1837 versus 2159 and 2710 g. The corresponding 10th percentiles at 42 weeks are 3233 versus 3086 and 2998 g. Conclusions. This new sex-specific, population-based reference should improve clinical assessment of growth in individual newborns, population-based surveillance of geographic and temporal trends in birth weight for gestational age, and evaluation of clinical or public health interventions to enhance fetal growth. fetal growth, birth weight, gestational age, preterm birth, postterm birth.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/108/2/e35.full.pdf

A New and Improved Population-Based Canadian Reference for Birth Weight for Gestational Age

This summary of public comments on the draft Preamble to the IARC Monographs will be considered by the Advisory Group that will meet in December 2005 to review the amended Preamble. The summary is organized according to the sections of the Preamble in order to show which areas received comment and whether the views were similar or different. Similar comments are reported together and a single short statement represents the key point. To keep the summary concise, the commenters’ detailed rationales are not repeated here, instead, the individual or organization making each comment is identified and the reader is encouraged to view the full original comment. Three commenters (Drs. Huff, Melnick, and Tomatis) also suggested several specific editorial changes. Where not related to a more global issue, these editorial changes are not repeated here, and the Advisory Group will refer to the original comments as it considers the suggested editorial changes.

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

IEEE C95.1-1991 gives recommendations to prevent harmful effects in human beings exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz. The recommendations are intended to apply to exposures in controlled, as well as uncontrolled, environments. They are not intended to apply to the purposeful exposure of patients under the direction of practitioners of the healing arts. The induced and contact current limits of IEEE C95.1-1991 are modified in this edition. In addition, field strengths below which induced and contact currents do not have to be measured are specified, spatial averaging and measurement distance requirements are clarified, and more precise definitions for averaging volume and radiated power are provided.

IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz

Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality

Cigarette smoking as an etiologic factor in cleft lip and palate.

Pregnancy outcome in women with work in dentistry was studied using various central health registries. A total of 8157 infants born of dentists, dental assistants, or dental technicians in 1976 or 1982–1986 in Sweden were studied with respect to perinatal survival, low birthweight, and malformations and compared with all births. The only deviating finding was that of a significantly low perinatal death rate. Specifically, no increase in a risk for spina bifida was seen and the upper 95% confidence limit for the risk ratio was 2.1. A study was also made of hospitalized spontaneous abortions in women with these occupations in the years 1980–1981. No significant deviations from expected values were found. In a small study of only 78 such pregnancies in 1964–1965, no increase in spontaneous abortion rate was seen. Only one infant was malformed (anencephaly): both its parents worked as dental technicians. None of the mothers of 220 infants with a neural tube defect born in 1965–1967 in Sweden was a dentist. We find no indications that this occupation represents a significant reproduction hazard at the present time in Sweden.

Pregnancy outcome in women working as dentists, dental assistants or dental technicians

Pregnancy outcome in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident.

Three cohorts of women were identified with the aid of occupational codes in the census, linked to the Medical Birth Registry and an Inpatient Registry, containing information on women hospitalized for spontaneous abortion. The three cohorts were selected from the same socioeconomic stratum but had different probabilities to be exposed for video screen work: high, medium, and low. The total pregnancy outcome of the three groups of women did not differ significantly, but there was a weak trend for more spontaneous abortions and perhaps also for congenital malformations in the group with the highest video screen work exposure; however, the differences could be random. Comparisons of delivery outcomes for these cohorts in 1976-77 with those in 1980-81 did not show any consistent pattern in spite of the heavy computerization of these workplaces which occurred between the two time periods. The second part of this report studies the material in further detail.

An epidemiological study of work with video screens and pregnancy outcome: I. A registry study.

Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registration, 1977-1981 were used to apply methods of constructing reference standards for size at birth. Using clinical information a 'healthy' sub-population was extracted. The conditional distributions of birthweight (BW) and birthlength (BL) for each week of Gestational age, and the conditional distribution of birthweight given birthlength were modelled using truncated Normal distributions, after making use of Box-Cox power transformations. Spline functions were then used in conjunction with a multiplicative method to obtain appropriate percentage point curves. Examples of this analysis are given.

Modelling of reference values for size at birth.

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