The present paper reviews existing knowledge with regard to Organic Aerosol (OA) of importance for global climate modelling and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the involved uncertainties. All pieces required for the representation of OA in a global climate model are sketched out with special attention to Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA): The emission estimates of primary carbonaceous particles and SOA precursor gases are summarized. The up-to-date understanding of the chemical formation and transformation of condensable organic material is outlined. Knowledge on the hygroscopicity of OA and measurements of optical properties of the organic aerosol constituents are summarized. The mechanisms of interactions of OA with clouds and dry and wet removal processes parameterisations in global models are outlined. This information is synthesized to provide a continuous analysis of the flow from the emitted material to the atmosphere up to the point of the climate impact of the produced organic aerosol. The sources of uncertainties at each step of this process are highlighted as areas that require further studies.

/pdf/organic-aerosol-and-global-climate-modelling-a-review-4ojfzx6x50.pdf

Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review

Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of biogenic volatile organic compounds: a review

A series of outdoor chamber experiments has been used to establish and characterize the significant atmospheric aerosol-forming potentials of the most prevalent biogenic hydrocarbons emitted by vegetation. These compounds were also studied to elucidate the effect of structure on aerosol yield for these types of compounds. Because oxidation products partition between the gas and aerosol phases, the aerosol yields of the parent biogenic hydrocarbons depend on the concentration of organic aerosol into which these products can be absorbed. For organic mass concentrations between 5 and 40 µg m^(-3), mass-based yields in photooxidation experiments range from 17 to 67% for sesquiterpenes, from 2 to 23% for cyclic diolefins, from 2 to 15% for bicyclic olefins, and from 2 to 6% for the acyclic triolefin ocimene. In these photooxidation experiments, hydroxyl and nitrate radicals and ozone can contribute to consumption of the parent hydrocarbon. For bicyclic olefins (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ^3-carene, and sabinene), experiments were also carried out at daytime temperatures in a dark system in the presence of ozone or nitrate radicals alone. For ozonolysis experiments, resulting aerosol yields are less dependent on organic mass concentration, when compared to full, sunlight-driven photooxidation. Nitrate radical experiments exhibit extremely high conversion to aerosol for β-pinene, sabinene, and Δ^3-carene. The relative importance of aerosol formation from each type of reaction for bicyclic olefin photooxidation is elucidated.

/pdf/organic-aerosol-formation-from-the-oxidation-of-biogenic-bulnkhlare.pdf

Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons

Nonmethane hydrocarbons are ubiquitous trace atmospheric constituents yet they control the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. Both anthropogenic and biogenic processes contribute to the release of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. In this manuscript, the state of the science concerning biosynthesis, transport, and chemical transformation of hydrocarbons emitted by the terrestrial biosphere is reviewed. In particular, the focus is on isoprene, monoterpenes, and oxygen-ated hydrocarbons. The generated science during the last 10 years is reviewed to explain and quantify hydrocarbon emissions from vegetation and to discern impacts of biogenic hydrocarbons on local and regional atmospheric chemistry. Furthermore, the physiological and environmental processes controlling biosynthesis and production of hydrocarbon compounds are reported on. Many advances have been made on measurement and modeling approaches developed to quantify hydrocarbon emissions from leaves and forest ecosystems. A synthesis of the atmospheric chemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons and their role in the formation of oxidants and aerosols is presented. The integration of biogenic hydrocarbon kinetics and atmospheric physics into mathematical modeling systems is examined to assess the contribution of biogenic hydrocarbons to the formation of oxidants and aerosols, thereby allowing us to study their impacts on the earth's climate system and to develop strategies to reduce oxidant precursors in affected regions.

/pdf/biogenic-hydrocarbons-in-the-atmospheric-boundary-layer-a-4p64fvy46k.pdf

Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: A Review

The reaction between NO 3 and α-pinene has been studied in large reaction chambers of 05-200 m 3 volume, using long path FT-IR, GC-ECD, and GC-FID for the analyses The reaction yielded 62 ± 4% pinonaldehyde (3-acetyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane acetaldehyde) and 3 ± 05% pinane epoxide The total yield of alkylnitrates was estimated to be approximately 14%; two of the nitrates have been identified as 3-oxypinane-2-nitrate, and 2-hydroxy-3-nitrate with yields of 3 ± 02% and 5 ± 04%, respectively This work represents the first quantitative identification of pinonaldehyde and alkylnitrates from the reaction of NO 3 with α-pinene A thermally stable peroxy acylnitrate was observed to be formed from secondary reactions of pinonaldehyde in the system This compound has been assigned to 3-acetyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutane acetylperoxynitrate Possible implications for the atmospheric NO x chemistry are discussed From the product data, a mechanism for the NO 3 + α-pinene reaction has been constructed

Product and Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of NO3 Radicals with α-Pinene

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Product and Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of NO3 Radicals with α-Pinene