Nearly three decades since the discovery of high entropy alloys (HEAs), it has greeted a broad interest in the field of materials research as a better alternative to conventional alloy materials due to the exceptional combinatorial properties they offer in terms of lightweight, high-specific strength in elevated temperatures, excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance properties (among others). Leveraging on the "four core effects": high-entropy effect, sluggish/hysteretic diffusion effect, severe-lattice-distortion effect and cocktail effect which define the special features responsible for their outstanding properties, HEAs have been successfully employed for high-temperature applications in automobile and in the aerospace. An emerging sub-field of HEAs is the incorporation of a secondary strengthening phase that can be provided by the precipitation of intermetallic (IM) compounds to enhance the microstructure which will concomitantly affect the properties of a material (thermal, chemical and mechanical properties) for broader engineering applications. In this article, design concepts brewed from thermo-physical parameters calculation and computational thermodynamics using a CALPHAD-based tool were reviewed as fundamental design strategies in the development of IM-containing HEAs. 

Fundamental design strategies for advancing the development of high entropy alloys for thermo-mechanical application: A critical review

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) based coatings have great potential in distinct sectors owing to their attractive properties. These alloys offered high specific strength, superior mechanical properties, superconductivity, super-paramagnetism, high fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures, etc. These alloys contain multiple principal elements, with the possible number of high entropy alloy compositions extending significantly more than conventional alloys. Hence, the use of HEAs as feedstock material for coating processes has increased, especially for surface protection of various materials in distinct environments. Therefore this manuscript aims to provide an overview of HEA coatings, types, fabrication methods, post-processing of HEAs coatings and their diverse applications. Then, the mechanical and tribological properties of the HEAs-based coating developed by various researchers are summarized. In addition, this paper discusses the properties of HEAs and compares HEAs with traditional alloys. Finally, this paper presents the recent advances in HEAs for 3D printing, including research lapses, prospects and future opportunities. 

Comprehensive review on high entropy alloy-based coating

The review summarizes some achievements of materials scientists in designing high entropy alloys (HEAs) and developing production routs for their industrial implementation, as well as highlights and discusses outstanding challenges in this way. Initially, the generally accepted concept of HEAs and its criticisms have been matched. Then, suggestions for their possible application have been agglomerated. After that, typical designing algorithms for metal products and structures have been considered, focusing on the rational selection of materials. Finally, correspondence of the reported data on both characteristics and properties of HEAs, as well as procedures for their heat treatment, processing and surface engineering, has been correlated with the content of recent reference books on those for conventional metals, steels and alloys. Based on the analysis of these results, some conclusions have been drawn, including generalized knowledge gaps and challenges. Also, further research directions have been proposed. 

Recent advances and outstanding challenges for implementation of high entropy alloys as structural materials

Formation of rutile (Cr,Ta,Ti)O2 oxides during oxidation of refractory high entropy alloys in Ta-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al system

The present study explores the mechanical and tribological properties of AlCrFeNiTi high entropy alloy (HEA) processed by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The results show the formation of a single-phase BCC structure after MA at 30 h, and after SPS a single BCC phase decomposed into dual BCC1; AlNi2Ti, and BCC2; CrFe phases. The maximum hardness of ∼960 ± 10 HV and ultimate compressive strength of ∼1650 ± 50 MPa were achieved. The nano hardness of ∼951 ± 21 HVIT and the elastic modulus of ∼256 ± 22 GPa were observed. Further, the ball-on-disc dry sliding tests were performed to study the friction and wear behavior of HEA at different loads and sliding velocities. The average coefficient of friction is about 0.3 for all the applied loads, suggesting no significant difference with load. In contrast, the average coefficient of friction slightly increased from 0.23 to 0.27 with increasing velocity. The specific wear rate increased from 2.66 to 5.06 × 10−6 mm3/Nm and 2.2 to 3.61 × 10−6 mm3/Nm with increasing load from 5 to 15 N and velocity from 0.08 to 0.12 m/s, respectively. Moreover, a transition in wear mechanism was observed from abrasive to oxidative and delamination wear with increasing load and sliding velocity. 

Exploring the mechanical and tribological properties of AlCrFeNiTi high-entropy alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

A review on High-Temperature Applicability: A milestone for high entropy alloys

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A review on High-Temperature Applicability: A milestone for high entropy alloys