The review summarizes the literature data on the perinatal pathology of premature infants, the frequency of their development in the following months and years of life of neuropsychiatric and somatic diseases. The results of experimental and clinical studies are presented, revealing the general pathogenetic mechanism – oxidative stress, underlying bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, periventricular leukomalacia, open ductus arteriosus and persistent pulmonary hypertension. The interrelation of the processes of inflammation and oxidative stress, which play a leading role in the brain damage of the fetus and newborn, is considered. The literature data on the possibility of preventing severe complications in the antenatal period of development with the timely use of surfactant, magnesium sulfate and acetylcysteine are presented, It is emphasized that the first hours of a premature baby's life are a critical period for an individual approach to resuscitation, the beginning and effectiveness of drug therapy aimed at suppressing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, which is confirmed by modern trends in optimizing the care of premature babies using pentoxifylline, erythropoietin, cortexin and melatonin.

Premature newborns: Actual problems of raising and prevention of adverse consequences

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ccr3.4273

Chiari malformation type I with depression and severe psychosis: Case report according to the role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion

The review presents the results of studies that have shown the effectiveness of melatonin use in the treatment of perinatal pathology based on oxidative stress and associated systemic inflammation with excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is shown that the lack or absence of the circadian rhythm of epiphyseal maternal melatonin plays a key role in the development of oxidative stress in the single mother-placenta-fetus functional system. The article summarizes the results of experimental studies that reveal the mechanisms of melatonin influence (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating), which provide the protection of the fetus from damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation in pregnancy complications. The article presents the results of the use of melatonin in full-term and premature infants in addition to standard therapy of brain damage as a result of hypoxia-ischemia and asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Currently ongoing international studies should determine the dose, duration, safety profile, short-term and long-term effects of melatonin in newborns of various gestational ages for its inclusion in treatment protocols for perinatal pathology.

Melatonin in the treatment of perinatal pathology

Symptomatic progression of Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) can be difficult to recognize in children because of the slow progressive nature of the disorder and highly varied neurological symptoms. We present a case of an obese 11-year-old girl seeking an evaluation of snoring. Progressive social impairment and academic difficulties were also endorsed. The past medical history was remarkable for absence seizure at an earlier age with an incidental finding of CM-1 on brain imaging. No headaches, vision changes, or swallowing dysfunction were endorsed in the acute presentation. The patient underwent a polysomnogram which revealed the unexpected finding of severe central sleep apnea. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed further herniation of the cerebellar tonsils and a cervical syrinx, which was not present on initial imaging. Posterior fossa decompression resulted in the successful resolution of symptoms. It was postulated that the social impairment and academic problems were manifestations of CM-1. There are no current standard protocols for disease surveillance of pediatric CM-1. Annual polysomnograms may serve as a useful tool.

Social impairment and snoring: a unique presentation of pediatric Chiari I malformation.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Chiari malformations (CM), first described approximately a hundred years ago, refer to a spectrum of hindbrain malformations characterized by cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum. We present the case of a 28-year-old woman with ADHD and concurrent Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) that was diagnosed by CT scan. There is growing evidence supporting the role of the cerebellum and its associated structures in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Thus, a cerebellar malformation such as CM may impact neurological circuitry in a manner favoring the development of a neuropsychiatric disorder such as ADHD. Our case highlights the need for further studies pertaining to the role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of ADHD and the importance of considering the presence of CM when evaluating a patient with ADHD.

/pdf/chiari-malformation-and-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-1lpcu6p1ur.pdf

Chiari Malformation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Mycobacterium chelonae is a species of mycobacteria that can be found ubiquitously in the environment. It can be found in soil, water, and in aquatic animals. Infections with this pathogen usually ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2050313X19845231

Recurrence of cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection: A case report.

Bipolar disorder is a severe and chronic mental illness that is a leading cause of disability worldwide. It is associated with cognitive impairments and metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The model of allostasis and allostatic load proposes that internal and environmental stressors solicit adaptive biological system responses driven by mediators such as cytokines, neurotrophins, and glucocorticoids. If chronically activated, these systems become dysregulated and eventually damaging for the brain and body. Bipolar disorder can be conceptualized not only as a disorder born in part from increased allostatic load but also as an allostatic state that leads to heightened allostatic load. In this chapter, we describe many of the alterations seen in the biological mediators involved in the effects of allostasis and allostatic load in bipolar disorder and the opportunities that these represent in the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of patients with this disorder.

Allostatic load: Implications for the pathophysiology, evolution, and treatment of bipolar disorder

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Chiari Malformation and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Recurrence of cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection: A case report.

Allostatic load: Implications for the pathophysiology, evolution, and treatment of bipolar disorder