A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …

A Treatise on the Family

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Nuts and bolts for the social sciences

Abstract There is a growing acknowledgement that micro-credit programs have potential for equitable and sustainable development. However, my anthropological research on the micro-credit program of the Grameen Bank shows that bank workers are expected to increase disbursement of loans among their members and press for high recovery rates to earn profit necessary for economic viability of the institution. To ensure timely repayment in the loan centers bank workers and borrowing peers inflict an intense pressure on women clients. In the study community many borrowers maintain their regular payment schedules through a process of loan recycling that considerably increases the debt-liability on the individual households, increases tension and frustration among household members, produces new forms of dominance over women and increases violence in society.

Micro-credit initiatives for equitable and sustainable development : who pays?; a case study of the Grameen Bank Program in rural Bangladesh

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/14346248.pdf

The Impact of Microfinance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Leeuw (FL) contributed to the writing and revising of this systematic review. JV, Ana Rivas and Ger van Gils (GG) contributed to the design of the review and the information retrieval activities associated with the review. In the quality assessment of selected studies, we distinguish between assessment of methodological quality, carried out by MD, Richard Palmer Jones (RPJ) and HW, and assessment of the quality of the theoretical framework of selected studies carried out by GG and FL. The meta-analysis was conducted by MD, RPJ and HW, with additional support from Jorge Hombrados. The qualitative synthesis was conducted by GG, FL and JV. Nathalie Holvoet and Johan Bastiaensen helped developing the theoretical framework on microcredit and empowerment. Ruslan Lukach contributed to methodological design. JV will be responsible for updating this review as additional evidence accumulates and as funding becomes available. Support/funding We would like to thank the Millennium Challenge Corporation of the United 3 States Government for funding this study. We also would like to thank and the Overseas Development Institute for providing the facilities to support this study. Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. Potential conflicts of interest Nathalie Holvoet was the principal author on several studies included in the synthesis. Maren Duvendack and Richard Palmer Jones have been involved in impact evaluations of microfinance in Bangladesh and a previous systematic of microcredit. However, the authors are not aware of any vested interest in the outcomes of this review, nor any incentives to represent findings in a biased manner. The Campbell Collaboration (C2) was founded on the principle that systematic reviews on the effects of interventions will inform and help improve policy and services. C2 offers editorial and methodological support to review authors throughout the process of producing a systematic review. A number of C2's editors, librarians, methodologists and external peer-reviewers contribute.

/pdf/the-effects-of-microcredit-on-women-s-control-over-household-4cv4gwehef.pdf

The effects of microcredit on women’s control over household spending

This article addresses the participation of Guatemala in the world apparel chain of production and its likely impact on income, gender and poverty levels. Making use of household survey data from Guatemala, the study relies on matching techniques for analyzing changes on labour earnings in the assembly industry with special emphasis on female workers. The evidence suggests that maquila-based employees are, on average, better paid than those occupied in the reserve sector, however, the former group seems to be exposed to a less favourable working environment when compared to those employed in other manufacturing industries. Moreover, the study reveals huge income disparities in terms of gender, exacerbated, among others, by the typical patriarchal structure prevailing in the Guatemalan economy. Our results introduce reservations on the role played by the maquila model, calling for a reassessment of its likely poverty reduction effect in Guatemala.

Fragmentation, income, gender and poverty linkages: the case of the maquila industry in Guatemala

En este trabajo se evalua la participacion relativa de Argentina, Brasil, Guatemala y Nicaragua en la produccion segmentada. En base a estadisticas de comercio exterior (2000–2004), se analiza si el comercio de estas economias ha evolucionado dentro de cadenas globales de produccion y cuan grande este tipo de comercio es a efectos de mantener su presencia en la economia mundial. Siguiendo un patron de comercio Norte-Sur, Guatemala y Nicaragua mantienen una moderada participacion en una cadena global de produccion. Sin embargo, su participacion esta amenazada por la competencia internacional y por su dependencia en un solo mercado. Brasil ha logrado participacion en varias cadenas de produccion, mostrando un patron de comercio Norte-Sur mas diversificado. Argentina ha logrado insercion en la cadena de produccion automotriz mientras que su participacion en otras cadenas es aun limitada. Su patron de comercio Sur-Sur lo expone a un cierto grado de dependencia. Palabras clave: Produccion compartida, segmentacion, comercio de partes y componentes, tercerizacion. Codigo JEL: F10, F23, L23. Abstract This paper assesses the relative participation of Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala and Nicaragua in fragmented world production. Based on trade statistics from 2000 to 2004, it analyses whether the trade flows of these economies have evolved towards production sharing schemes and how great this type of trade is in order to sustain their presence into the world economy. Guatemala and Nicaragua hold a moderate participation in a global production chain under a North-South trade pattern. Nonetheless, their participation is threatened by international competition and their dependence on a unique market. Brazil has consolidated participation into few chains of production showing a more diversified North–South trade pattern. Argentina has attained insertion into the automotive chain of production whereas its participation in other ones is still limited. The country has a more South-South trade pattern, which exposes it to a certain degree of dependence. Keywords: Sharing production, Fragmentation, Trade in parts and components, Outsourcing. JEL classification: F10, F23, L23.

Far from champions, close to midgets : international production sharing in Central and South America

This paper assesses the relative participation of Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala and Nicaragua in fragmented world production. Based on trade statistics from 2000 to 2004, it analyses whether the trade flows of these economies have evolved towards production sharing schemes, and how great this type of trade is, in order to sustain their presence in the world economy. Guatemala and Nicaragua have reached a moderate insertion in a production sharing scheme, following a North-South trade pattern. Nonetheless, their participation is still small, being threatened not only by international competition, but also by their dependence on a unique market. Brazil has consolidated participation in a few chains, showing a more diversified North–South trade pattern. Argentina has attained insertion in the automotive chain of production, whereas its participation in other ones seems still quite limited. The country has a more South-South trade pattern, which exposes it to a certain degree of dependence.

Far from champions, close to midgets: international production sharing in Central and South America

Microcredit and Women’sEmpowerment Complexity in SystematicReview

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