Abstract. This paper introduces a new frequency-domain approach to describe the relationships (direction of information flow) between multivariate time series based on the decomposition of multivariate partial coherences computed from multivariate autoregressive models. We discuss its application and compare its performance to other approaches to the problem of determining neural structure relations from the simultaneous measurement of neural electrophysiological signals. The new concept is shown to reflect a frequency-domain representation of the concept of Granger causality.

Partial directed coherence: a new concept in neural structure determination

A step by step, passage by passage analysis of the complete Republic. White shows how the argument of the book is articulated, the important interconnections among its elements, and the coherent and carefully developed train of though which motivates its complex philosophical reasoning. In his extensive introduction, White describes Plato's aims, introduces the argument, and discusses the major philosophical and ethical theories embodied in the Republic. He then summarizes each of its ten books and provides substantial explanatory and interpretive notes.

A Companion to Plato's Republic

The principal claim is that for Aristotle arousing the passions of others can amount to giving them proper grounds for conviction, and hence a skill in doing so is properly part of an expertise in rhetoric. This rests on a normative view of rhetoric and its role in the state, and on a particular view of the kinds of cognitions involved in the passions. Aristotle’s view, I argue, is that rhetoric is exercised solely in the provision of proper grounds for conviction (pisteis). I show how he defends this surprising and controversial view by appeal to a more widely shared and plausible view of rhetoric’s role in the proper functioning of the state. I then explore in more detail what normative standards must be met for something to qualify as “proper grounds for conviction”, applying this to all three of Aristotle’s kinds of “technical proofs” (entechnoi pisteis). In the case of the passions, meeting these standards is a matter of arousing passions that constitute the reasonable acceptance of premises in arguments that count in favour of the speaker’s conclusion. I seek to show that Aristotle’s view of the passions is compatible with this role. This involves opposing the view that in Rhetoric I.1 Aristotle rejects any role in rhetoric for the arousal of the passions (a view that famously generates a contradiction with the rest of the treatise). It also requires rejecting the view of Rhetoric II.2‐11 on which, for Aristotle, the distinctive outlook involved in passionate states is merely how things “appear” to the subject. The passions must involve the subject’s taking things to be the way that they are represented in passionate experience. Aristotle accommodates this account of the representational aspect of the passions within a substantive theory of the emotions as pleasures and pains. Such a view constitutes the most plausible understanding of Aristotle’s detailed accounts of the passions in Rhetoric II, and is compatible with a new representationalist reading of his account of pleasure (and pain) in Rhetoric I.11.

Passions and Persuasion in Aristotle's Rhetoric

Homonymy in Aristotle

Objective.We introduce Sparse exact low resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), a novel method for estimating a nonparametric solution to the source localization problem. Its goal is to generate a sparser solution compared to other source localization methods including eLORETA while benefitting from the latter's superior source localization accuracy.Approach.Sparse eLORETA starts by reducing the source space of the Lead Field Matrix using structured sparse Bayesian learning from which a Reduced Lead Field Matrix is constructed, which is used as input to eLORETA.Main results.With Sparse eLORETA, source sparsity can be traded against signal fidelity; the proposed optimum is shown to yield a much sparser solution than eLORETA's with only a slight loss in signal fidelity.Significance.When pursuing a data-driven approach, for cases where it is difficult to choose specific regions of interest, or when subsequently a connectivity analysis is performed, source space reduction could prove beneficial.

Source space reduction for eLORETA.

This is the first systematic analysis of Aristotle's concept of lexis. Ana Kotarcic argues that it should be approached on three interconnected levels: the first dealing with language as a system, the second with actual language usage, into which sociolinguistic factors come into play, and the third with prescriptions for the kind of language to be used in poetic and rhetorical compositions. She introduces ideas and concepts from classics and modern linguistics into the analysis alongside the philosophical approaches which have prevailed until now. The results reveal that Aristotle's ideas on lexis are complex, well-developed and intimately connected to many other fundamental concepts in his works, such as aretē, energeia, ēthos, logos, mimēsis, pathos, phantasia and technē. A major component of his thought is therefore illuminated comprehensively for the first time.

Aristotle on Language and Style: The Concept of Lexis

The shift of public debate to the digital sphere has been accompanied by a rise in online hate speech. While many promising approaches for hate speech classiﬁcation have been pro-posed, studies often focus only on a single language, usually English, and do not address three key concerns: post-deployment performance, classiﬁer maintenance and infrastructural limitations. In this paper, we introduce a new human-in-the-loop BERT-based hate speech classiﬁcation pipeline and trace its development from initial data collection and annotation all the way to post-deployment. Our classiﬁer, trained using data from our original corpus of over 422k examples, is speciﬁcally developed for the inherently multilingual setting of Switzerland and outperforms with its F1 score of 80.5 the currently best-performing BERT-based multilingual classiﬁer by 5.8 F1 points in German and 3.6 F1 points in French. Our systematic evaluations over a 12-month period further highlight the vital importance of continuous, human-in-the-loop classiﬁer maintenance to ensure robust hate speech classiﬁcation post-deployment.

pdf/human-in-the-loop-hate-speech-classification-in-a-3uzll9zc.pdf

Human-in-the-Loop Hate Speech Classification in a Multilingual Context

, unlike concrete, nouns refer to notions beyond our perception. Even though there is no consensus among linguists as to what exactly constitutes a concrete or abstract word, neuroscientists found clear evidence of a “concreteness” effect. This can, for instance, be seen in patients with language impairments due to brain injury or developmental disorder who are capable of perceiving one category better than another. Even though the results are inconclusive, neuroimaging studies on healthy subjects also provide a spatial and temporal account of differences in the processing of abstract versus concrete words. A description of the neural pathways during abstract word reading, the manner in which the connectivity patterns develop over the different stages of lexical and semantic processing compared to that of concrete word processing are still debated. We conducted a high-density EEG study on 24 healthy young volunteers using an implicit categorization task. From this, we obtained high spatio-temporal resolution data and, by means of source reconstruction, reduced the effect of signal mixing observed on scalp level. A multivariate, time-varying and directional method of analyzing connectivity based on the concept of Granger Causality (Partial Directed Coherence) revealed a dynamic network that transfers information from the right superior occipital lobe along the ventral and dorsal streams towards the anterior temporal and orbitofrontal lobes of both hemispheres. Some regions along these pathways appear to be primarily involved in either receiving or sending information. A clear difference in information transfer of abstract and concrete words was observed during the time window of semantic processing, specifically for information transferred towards the left anterior temporal lobe. Further exploratory analysis confirmed a generally stronger connectivity pattern for processing concrete words. We believe our study could guide future research towards a more refined theory of abstract word processing in the brain.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8648251/file/8648252.pdf

Overlapping connectivity patterns during semantic processing of abstract and concrete words revealed with multivariate Granger Causality analysis.

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Aristotle on Language and Style: The Concept of Lexis

Human-in-the-Loop Hate Speech Classification in a Multilingual Context

Overlapping connectivity patterns during semantic processing of abstract and concrete words revealed with multivariate Granger Causality analysis.