Networks — a new paradigm of rural development?

L'objet de cette etude etait la structure et les dynamiques des systemes de productions biologiques en Californie. Les AA. ont mene a peu pres soixante-dix interviews semidirectifs avec des acteurs-cles tout au long de la chaine de production en recherchant a la fois les dynamiques internes de chaque etape et les relations entre elles. La qualification de biologique ou organique qui a contribue a l'extraordinaire et recente croissance de l'industrie agro-alimentaire biologique, a aussi cree des rentes economiques et des opportunites uniques d'accumulation pour l'agribusiness. Dans cet article, les AA. montrent que le capital agro-alimentaire est en train de penetrer le segment de plus forte plus-value de la chaine de production des legumes biologiques, malgre l'existence de pratiques et d'idees allant a contre-courant du secteur conventionnel de production. Les pratiques agronomiques et de marketing sont un miroir grossissant des pratiques de l'agriculture conventionnelle. Les AA. ont identifie plusieurs exemples de ce que Goodman et al. ont appele appropriationisme la ou les processus une fois integres a l'exploitation sont transformes et reutilises en inputs et substitionnisme la ou les couts de la transformation industrielle representent une forte proportion de la valeur ajoutee

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-9523.00033

From Farm to Table: The Organic Vegetable Commodity Chain of Northern California

Organic food consumption is one of several new trends in eating read as active opposition to industrialized food provision. While fast food consumption is characterized by compulsive gluttony, manifest in fat bodies, alternative consumption practices are seen to be driven by conscious reflexivity, such that consumers monitor, reflect upon and adapt their personal conduct in light of its perceived consequences. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. One is to examine the evolution of organic food from what Belasco called the ‘counter-cuisine’ to what organic growers call ‘yuppie chow’, to show how organic salad mix was the carrier of major changes in the organic system of provision, thereby calling into question the notion that organic food is necessarily an antidote to industrialized food. The other is to problematize the facile dichotomies between fast and slow, reflexive and compulsive, fat and thin, and, hence, good and bad eaters, to show where there is slippage and instability in these categories, in addition to a troubling politics of class and gender. To these ends, I showcase the changing provision of a particular organic commodity (salad mix, or mesclun) in California.

Fast food/organic food: Reflexive tastes and the making of 'yuppie chow'

This study examines 52 highly skilled technical contractors' explanations, in 1998, of why they entered the contingent labor force and how their subsequent experiences altered their viewpoint. The authors report three general implications of their examination of the little-studied high-skill side of contingent labor. First, current depictions of contingent work are inaccurate. For example, contrary to the pessimistic “employment relations” perspective, most of these interviewees found contracting better-paying than permanent employment; and contrary to optimistic “free agent” views, many reported feeling anxiety and estrangement. Second, occupational networks arose to satisfy needs (such as training and wage-setting) that employing organizations satisfy for non-contingent workers. Third, regarding their place in the labor market, high-skilled and well-paid technical contractors cannot be called—as contingent workers usually are—“secondary sector” workers; and their market is not dyadic, with individuals s...

Why do contractors contract? the experience of highly skilled technical professionals in a contingent labor market

▪ Abstract One of the most profound changes in the United States in the past century is the national abandonment of farming as a livelihood strategy. This change is evident both in the exodus of Americans from farming and in the conditions faced by the farmers remaining, most of whom are marginal producers in an increasingly concentrated industry. In this article, we provide a retrospective account of the empirical and sociological fate of family farmers. While sociologists have had longstanding interest in agrarian change, research on contemporary farmers is largely confined to speciality publications, with a loss to the discipline at large. We examine three distinct research traditions that continue to document farm transformation: research on macro-level transformation, community impacts, and household response. While these traditions evolved separately, we describe how they overlap and inform each other. Most notably, research on household and community responses delineates meso- and micro-level insti...

THE GREAT AGRICULTURAL TRANSITION: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming

Originally published in 1981, this book examines the ways in which social groups interact in the making of a common food in American society: iceberg lettuce. The major questions posed by the research, however, extend beyond the features of one agricultural product, as the authors analyse the organization of industrial production. The goal of the text is the integration of the analysis of social systems involving agricultural production with a broader body of theory and research concerned with production. The major theoretical categories and concepts used by the authors are primarily Marxian. Although this study could be integrated with rural and industrial sociology, it addresses a number of issues neglected by both fields.

Manufacturing Green Gold

/pdf/destalking-the-wily-tomato-a-case-study-in-social-4rprvosspo.pdf

Destalking the Wily Tomato: A Case Study in Social Consequences in California Agricultural Research. Research Monograph No. 15.

Un-complexed polynuclear ferric oxyhydroxide cannot be administered safely or effectively to patients. When polynuclear iron cores are formed with carbohydrates of various structures, stable complexes with surface carbohydrates driven by multiple interacting sites and forces are formed. These complexes deliver iron in a usable form to the body while avoiding the serious adverse effects of un-complexed forms of iron, such as polynuclear ferric oxyhydroxide. The rate and extent of plasma clearance and tissue biodistribution is variable among the commercially available iron–carbohydrate complexes and is driven principally by the surface characteristics of the complexes which dictate macrophage opsonization. The surface chemistry differences between the iron–carbohydrate complexes results in significant differences in in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles as well as adverse event profiles, demonstrating that the entire iron–carbohydrate complex furnishes the pharmacologic action for these complex products. Currently available physicochemical characterization methods have limitations in biorelevant matrices resulting in challenges in defining critical quality attributes for surface characteristics for this class of complex nanomedicines.

/pdf/criticality-of-surface-characteristics-of-intravenous-iron-2492m2qa.pdf

Criticality of Surface Characteristics of Intravenous Iron–Carbohydrate Nanoparticle Complexes: Implications for Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Manufacturing Green Gold: The Conditions and Social Consequences of Lettuce Harvest Mechanization

Intravenous (IV) iron nanoparticle preparations are widely used to treat iron deficiency. The mechanism of mononuclear phagocyte system-mediated clearance of IV iron nanoparticles is unknown. The early uptake and homeostasis of iron after injection of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in mice was studied. An increase in serum iron was observed at 2.5 h followed by a return to baseline by 24 h. An increase in circulating monocytes was observed, particularly Ly6Chi and Ly6Clow. FCM was also associated with a time-dependent decrease in liver Kupffer cells (KCs) and increase in liver monocytes. The increase in liver monocytes suggests an influx of iron-rich blood monocytes, while some KCs underwent apoptosis. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that following liver infiltration, blood monocytes differentiated to KCs. KCs were also critical for IV iron uptake and biodegradation. Indeed, anti-Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R)-mediated depletion of KCs resulted in elevated serum iron levels and impaired iron uptake by the liver. Gene expression profiling indicated that C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) might be involved in monocyte recruitment to the liver, confirmed by pharmaceutical inhibition of CCR5. Liver KCs play a pivotal role in the clearance and storage of IV iron and KCs appear to be supported by the expanded blood monocyte population.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/5/2666/pdf?version=1646118404

Kupffer Cells and Blood Monocytes Orchestrate the Clearance of Iron–Carbohydrate Nanoparticles from Serum

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