How does visual impairment affect performance on tasks of everyday life? SEE project.

Primary care optometry

The International Paralympic Committee Classification Code requires sports to develop evidence-based, sports-specific classification systems. This project aimed to determine the minimum eligibility...

Exploration of the minimum visual disability criteria for Para nordic and Para alpine skiing using simulated vision impairments.

Peripheral vision is often considered vital in (combat) sports, yet most experimental paradigms (e.g., eye tracking) ignore peripheral information or struggle to make inferences about the role of peripheral vision in an in-situ performance environment. This study aimed to determine where visual information is located in the peripheral field during an in-situ combat sports task. Eight advanced judokas competed in grip-fighting exchanges while wearing a mobile eye-tracker to locate gaze direction. Three-dimensional position data of the head and hands were tracked using a VICON motion capture system. Gaze analysis through automatic feature detection showed that participants predominantly fixated on their opponent's chest. Kinematic data were used to calculate the angles between the opponent's hands and the gaze-anchor point on the chest of the opponent. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship between visual field (VF) size and visibility of the hands, with athletes needing a VF of at least 30-40 degrees radius to simultaneously monitor both hands of the opponent most of the time. These findings hold implications for the regulation of Paralympic judo for athletes with vision impairment, suggesting that a less severe degree of impairment should be required to qualify than the current criterion of 20 degrees radius.

How wide should you view to fight? Establishing the size of the visual field necessary for grip fighting in judo

Visual acuities obtained with a high contrast Bailey-Lovie chart (HCBL) and a low contrast Bailey-Lovie chart (LCBL) were compared with clinical contrast sensitivity function (CSF) measurements in a group of normal subjects with a wide range of refractive errors. We found high and significant correlations for the measurements obtained with the visual acuity tests and the CSF chart. These results indicate that the CSF test provides little additional information as a screening test in routine practice, and could probably be restricted in its use to patients in whom ocular disease is suspected.

High and low contrast acuity and clinical contrast sensitivity tested in a normal population

Purpose Contrast sensitivity (CS) is predictive of various aspects of an individual's functional vision, such as recognizing faces and driving. Currently available CS charts are limited in terms of the spatial frequencies they can test and/or the contrast resolution of the targets they present. The traditional methods for measuring full CS functions (CSFs) are time consuming. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using the quick CSF method in a low vision population and to assess the relationships of CS with other visual functions, which can contribute to the understanding of the functional vision. Methods Static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, CS, global motion perception thresholds, and visual field were measured binocularly in 53 individuals with low vision. The number of participants who could complete each assessment was used to assess feasibility. The relationships between CS and other visual functions were assessed using linear regressions and multiple regressions. Results The quick CSF was quantifiable in 34 participants of the 42 with quantifiable visual acuities. The area under the log CSF-the summary statistic of CSF-was significantly correlated with static visual acuity and dynamic visual acuity (r = -0.79 and r = -0.63, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions The qCSF is capable of measuring CS in a wide range of visual impairment severities. area under the log CSF only correlates with measures of visual acuity.

Relationship of Contrast Sensitivity Measured Using Quick Contrast Sensitivity Function With Other Visual Functions in a Low Vision Population.

Nordic and alpine skiing-related visual tasks such as identifying hill contours, slope characteristics, and snow conditions increase demands on contrast processing and other visual functions. Prospective observational studies were conducted to assess the relationships between skiing performance and a broad range of visual functions in nordic and alpine skiers with vision impairments. The study hypothesized that contrast sensitivity (CS), visual acuity (VA), and visual field (VF) would be predictive of skiing performance. Binocular static VA, CS, light sensitivity, glare sensitivity, glare recovery, dynamic VA, translational and radial motion perception, and VF were assessed in elite Para nordic (n = 26) and Para alpine (n = 15) skiers. Skiing performance was assessed based on skiers' raw race times. Performance on the visual function tests was compared with skiing performances using Kendall's correlations (with and without Bonferroni-Holm corrections) and linear multivariable regressions (p < 0.05 considered significant). None of the vision variables were significantly correlated with performance in Para nordic or Para alpine skiing after Bonferroni-Holm corrections were applied. Before applying the corrections, VF extent (ρ = -0.37, p = 0.011), and static VA (ρ = 0.26, p = 0.066) demonstrated the strongest correlations with Para nordic skiing performance; in Para alpine skiing, static VA and CS demonstrated the strongest correlations with downhill (static VA: ρ = 0.54, p = 0.046, CS: ρ = -0.50, p = 0.06), super G (static VA: ρ = 0.50, p = 0.007, CS: ρ = -0.51, p = 0.017), and giant slalom (static VA: ρ = 0.57, p = 0.01, CS: ρ = -0.46, p = 0.017) performance. Dynamic VA and VF were significantly associated with downhill (ρ = 0.593, p = 0.04) and slalom (ρ = -0.49, p = 0.013) performances, respectively. Static VA was a significant predictor of giant slalom [(F(3,11) = 24.71, p < 0.001), and R of 0.87], super G [(F(3,9) = 17.34, p = 0.002), and R of 0.85], and slalom [(F(3,11) = 11.8, p = 0.002), and R of 0.80] performance, but CS and VF were not. Interestingly, static VA and CS were highly correlated in both Para nordic (ρ = -0.60, p < 0.001) and Para alpine (ρ = -0.80, p < 0.001) skiers. Of the vision variables, only static VA and VF were associated with skiing performance and should be included as the in Para nordic and Para alpine classifications. The strong correlations between static VA and CS in these skiers with vision impairment may have masked relationships between CS and skiing performance.

/pdf/do-impairments-in-visual-functions-affect-skiing-performance-27u7btro7q.pdf

Do Impairments in Visual Functions Affect Skiing Performance

Introduction Currently, Paralympic skiers with vision impairment are allocated to classes based only on their better eye static visual acuity and visual field diameter. These studies were conducted to investigate whether a broad range of visual functions were different among groups of skiers with different levels of skiing performance. Methods Static and dynamic visual acuities, contrast sensitivity, light and glare sensitivity, glare recovery, motion perception, and visual field were assessed binocularly in elite Para nordic (n = 26) and Para alpine skiers (n = 15) at 3 international Paralympic events. Skiing performances were calculated using modified skiing points systems based on skiers' raw race times. Clusters of skiers with similar performances were identified in each sport, and their vision and non-vision variables were compared. Results Skiers in the best performing Para nordic clusters (1 and 2) had better static visual acuities (p = 0.041) and larger visual fields (p = 0.004) compared to cluster 3. In Para alpine slalom (p = 0.019), giant slalom (p = 0.019), and Super-G (p = 0.039) the average static visual acuities among the better performing clusters were significantly better compared to the worst performing cluster. In slalom, the cluster with better performance also had a significantly larger visual field (p = 0.038). In downhill, the better performance cluster demonstrated better dynamic visual acuity (p = 0.029). Discussion Clusters with better performing skiers appear to have better visual function in both sports. The results of this study would suggest that Para nordic and Para alpine skiers with light perception or no light perception vision should be in one class and that the skiers with quantifiable static VA should be in a different class.

Classification in Para skiing: do better performing skiers have better visual functions?

Can vision functions predict Para Alpine skiing performance

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