Melt electrospun fibers of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) are accurately deposited using an automated stage as the collector. Matching the translation speed of the collector to the speed of the melt electrospinning jet establishes control over the location of fiber deposition. In this sense, melt electrospinning writing can be seen to bridge the gap between solution electrospinning and direct writing additive manufacturing processes.

Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning

Nature's material systems during evolution have developed the ability to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli through the generation of complex structures capable of varying their functions across direction, distances and time. 3D printing technologies can recapitulate structural motifs present in natural materials, and efforts are currently being made on the technological side to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed. However, an intrinsic limitation of this technology is that printed objects are static and thus inadequate to dynamically reshape when subjected to external stimuli. In recent years, this issue has been addressed with the design and precise deployment of smart materials that can undergo a programmed morphing in response to a stimulus. The term 4D printing was coined to indicate the combined use of additive manufacturing, smart materials, and careful design of appropriate geometries. In this review, we report the recent progress in the design and development of smart materials that are actuated by different stimuli and their exploitation within additive manufacturing to produce biomimetic structures with important repercussions in different but interrelated biomedical areas.

4D printing in biomedical applications: emerging trends and technologies

Three-dimensional (3D) printing as a powerful manufacturing platform has been increasingly used in biomedical engineering over the past two decades. Such technologies greatly improve our ability to fabricate a variety of complex and customized biomedical products accurately, efficiently, economically, and with high reproducibility through layer-by-layer positioning of materials, biomolecules, or even living cells in the products. Despite the impressive progress of 3D printing in biomedical engineering, more and greater efforts are needed to develop new and much improved biomedical products via 3D printing. In particular, many challenges in 3D printing processes, materials, and applications must be addressed in order to make available high-quality products and novel products to millions of patients. Addressing these challenges requires the integration of advances in physics, materials science, engineering, biological sciences, and medicine. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of 3D printing and its applications in the biomedical field. We systematically present and discuss 3D printing technologies, materials, cells, and applications that are associated with biomedical engineering. Additionally, 4D printing and bioprinting are reviewed. We give our analysis and put forward our views on the challenges for 3D printing in biomedical engineering and also possible future developments. It is apparent that 3D printing plays a more and more important role in biomedical engineering and can create a diverse range of high-value biomedical products. This comprehensive review can help to understand the current status and identify future directions of 3D printing in biomedical engineering, as well as moving 3D printing toward manufacturing newer and better biomedical products.

3D printing in biomedical engineering: Processes, materials, and applications

Abstract Nature’s materials have evolved over time to be able to respond to environmental stimuli by generating complex structures that can change their functions in response to distance, time, and direction of stimuli. A number of technical efforts are currently being made to improve printing resolution, shape fidelity, and printing speed to mimic the structural design of natural materials with three-dimensional printing. Unfortunately, this technology is limited by the fact that printed objects are static and cannot be reshaped dynamically in response to stimuli. In recent years, several smart materials have been developed that can undergo dynamic morphing in response to a stimulus, thus resolving this issue. Four-dimensional (4D) printing refers to a manufacturing process involving additive manufacturing, smart materials, and specific geometries. It has become an essential technology for biomedical engineering and has the potential to create a wide range of useful biomedical products. This paper will discuss the concept of 4D bioprinting and the recent developments in smart materials, which can be actuated by different stimuli and be exploited to develop biomimetic materials and structures, with significant implications for pharmaceutics and biomedical research, as well as prospects for the future. 

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-605X/ac8e42/pdf

4D printing: a cutting-edge platform for biomedical applications

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been a noticeable technology and made significant progress since the late 1980s. Despite the tremendous growth, this technology is still facing numerous manufacturing challenges. AM of smart materials and structures is one of the most actively researched areas in which printed objects can alter their properties and shape when expose to a stimulus e.g., light, temperature, magnetic fields, pH, and humidity. The AM-build parts which can take advantage of these shape-changing features, lead to the growth of 4D printing by introducing time as a fourth dimension in AM processes. This new filed originated in 2013, and since then, it has generated great interest due to its potential to build innovative, multi-functional, self-assembling, and self-repairing components with modifiable properties, shapes, and functionalities. This review article intends to examine the major developments of 4D printing in the biomedical field. This study will provide an overview of various 4D printing technologies and their uses in the biomedical field, including vat photo-polymerization, extrusion-based methods, and material jetting. It focuses on smart materials and their applications in various industries e.g., mechanical, biomedical, aerospace, etc., and explores the external stimuli such as moisture, temperature, pH, magnetic fields, and light. The article delves into the promising applications of 4D printing in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, orthopedics, medical devices, tissue engineering, and dentistry and analyzes the challenges associated with 4D printing in the biomedical field, and suggests the future directions including optimization of printing parameters, and exploration of novel materials to broaden its applications. 

A Review of 4D Printing - Technologies, Shape Shifting, Smart Materials, and Biomedical Applications

This paper reports an approach for the fabrication of shape-changing bilayered scaffolds, which allow the growth of aligned skeletal muscle cells, using a combination of 3D printing of hyaluronic a...

Shape-Morphing Fibrous Hydrogel/Elastomer Bilayers Fabricated by a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt Electrowriting for Muscle Tissue Regeneration

Soft Elastic Fibrous Scaffolds for Muscle Tissue Engineering by Touch Spinning

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Shape-Morphing Fibrous Hydrogel/Elastomer Bilayers Fabricated by a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt Electrowriting for Muscle Tissue Regeneration

Soft Elastic Fibrous Scaffolds for Muscle Tissue Engineering by Touch Spinning