We developed two-step solution-phase reactions to form hybrid materials of Mn3O4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets for lithium ion battery applications. Mn3O4 nanoparticles grown selectively on RGO sheets over free particle growth in solution allowed for the electrically insulating Mn3O4 nanoparticles wired up to a current collector through the underlying conducting graphene network. The Mn3O4 nanoparticles formed on RGO show a high specific capacity up to ~900mAh/g near its theoretical capacity with good rate capability and cycling stability, owing to the intimate interactions between the graphene substrates and the Mn3O4 nanoparticles grown atop. The Mn3O4/RGO hybrid could be a promising candidate material for high-capacity, low-cost, and environmentally friendly anode for lithium ion batteries. Our growth-on-graphene approach should offer a new technique for design and synthesis of battery electrodes based on highly insulating materials.

Mn3O4-Graphene Hybrid as a High Capacity Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

The world is rapidly adopting renewable energy alternatives at a remarkable rate to address the ever-increasing environmental crisis of CO2 emissions. Renewable Energy Systems (RES) offers enormous potential to decarbonize the environment because they produce no greenhouse gases or other polluting emissions. However, the RES relies on natural resources for energy generation, such as sunlight, wind, water, geothermal, which are generally unpredictable and reliant on weather, season, and year. To account for these intermittencies, renewable energy can be stored using various techniques and then used in a consistent and controlled manner as needed. Several researchers from around the world have made substantial contributions over the last century to developing novel methods of energy storage that are efficient enough to meet increasing energy demand and technological breakthroughs. This review attempts to provide a critical review of the advancements in the Energy Storage System (ESS) from 1850–2022, including its evolution, classification, operating principles and comparison. 

Energy storage systems: A review

Given the urgency of climate change mitigation, it is crucial to increase the practical utilization of renewable energy. However, high uncertainty and large fluctuation of variable renewable energy create enormous challenges to increasing the penetration of renewable energy. Various energy storage technologies have been applied to renewable energy to handle the fluctuation and uncertainty problem. To enrich the knowledge about the effects of energy storage technologies, this paper performs a comprehensive overview of the applications of various energy storage technologies and evaluates their capabilities of mitigating the fluctuation and uncertainty of renewable energy. The main techno-economic characteristics of the energy storage technologies, including: super-conducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel energy storage, redox flow batteries, compressed air energy storage, pump hydro storage and lithium-ion batteries, are analyzed. Moreover, supercapacitor storage, sodium‑sulfur batteries, lead-acid batteries and nickel‑cadmium batteries are also discussed in this study. 

Application of energy storage in integrated energy systems — A solution to fluctuation and uncertainty of renewable energy

The extensive consumption of fossil fuels has caused the rapid increase in the CO2 level in the atmosphere, forcing people to find a clean and efficient technology of CO2 conversion to alleviate CO2 emissions and develop value-added products. Among various CO2 conversion systems, electroreduction of CO2 to value-added chemicals is a feasible way for practical applications. Copper, the only metal that can catalyze CO2 reduction to multi-carbon products, has attracted the most attention among various catalysts. However, slow reaction kinetics, low product selectivity, as well as poor stability are the main drawbacks of single metallic Cu-based catalysts. Such issues can be addressed by introducing second metal in Cu-based catalysts. Here, we summarize the recent progress relating to the Cu-based bimetallic electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, and discuss the composition and structure effects on the activity and selectivity of electrochemical CO2 reduction. Last, we outline the challenges and perspectives on electrocatalysts for this field. We expect that this review can provide new insights into the further development of Cu-based bimetallic electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. 

Cu-based bimetallic electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction

Liquid Catholyte Molecules for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising energy storage devices owing to the broad electrochemical window of organic solvents. Nonetheless, the wide application of these batteries has ...

PEGylation-Enabled Extended Cyclability of a Non-aqueous Redox Flow Battery.

Non-aqueous organic material-based redox flow batteries (NAORFBs) possess the advantage of using organic solvents to achieve high electrochemical potential. However, regardless of the great progress made in this regard in the past decade, further development has been restricted by the lack of stable electroactive organic materials and highly selective separators. Here, we present a NAORFB with all-PEGylated, metal-free, organic compounds as electroactive materials. PEGylated phenothiazine and PEGylated viologen are utilized as the catholyte and anolyte, respectively. Combined with a composite nanoporous aramid nanofiber separator, the all-PEGylated NAORFB presents outstanding cyclability, with a capacity retention of 99.90% per cycle and average coulombic efficiency of 99.7%. By contrast, NAORFBs using half-PEGylated and non-PEGylated electrolytes display inferior cyclability owing to the crossover of non-PEGylated materials. An extended investigation was also performed on the batteries using non-PEGylated or half-PEGylated materials for mechanistic elucidation. This work validates the PEGylation strategy in NAORFBs for enhanced overall performance with respect to solubility, cyclability, and alleviated crossover.

All-PEGylated redox-active metal-free organic molecules in non-aqueous redox flow battery

Redox-flow batteries (RFBs) are a highly promising large-scale energy storage technology for mitigating the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. Here, the design and implementation of a micellization strategy in an anthraquinone-based, pH-neutral, nontoxic, and metal-free aqueous RFB is reported. The micellization strategy (1) improves stability by protecting the redox-active anthraquinone core with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) shell and (2) increases the overall size to mitigate the crossover issue through a physical blocking mechanism. Paired with a well-established potassium ferrocyanide catholyte, the micelle-based RFB displayed an excellent capacity retention of 90.7 % after 3600 charge/discharge cycles (28.3 days), corresponding to a capacity retention of 99.67 % per day and 99.998 % per cycle. The mechanistic studies of redox-active materials were also conducted and indicated the absence of side reactions commonly observed in other anthraquinone-based RFBs. The outstanding performance of the RFB demonstrates the effectiveness of the micellization strategy for enhancing the performance of organic material-based aqueous RFBs.

A pH-Neutral, Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with a 3600-Cycle Lifetime: Micellization-Enabled High Stability and Crossover Suppression.

The lack of a suitable ionic exchange membrane has retarded the development of organic nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs). Membrane-free redox stratified batteries, wherein electroactive materi...

Biphasic, Membrane-Free Zn/Phenothiazine Battery: Effects of Hydrophobicity of Redox Materials on Cyclability

Azobenzene-Based Low-Potential Anolyte for Nonaqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries

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