Despite the fact that Libya is a petro-state economy, yet the country faces serious challenges to supply its substantially growing demand for energy. With the high volatility in fossil fuel prices in international markets, its predictable depletion and environmental concerns, as well as the exacerbated competition among rival forces to control oil and gas resources, significant efforts are required to develop non-rivalry energy alternative (NREA) solutions to bridge the demand–supply energy gap and diversify the energy sources of Libya. The country has a significant potential of diverse renewable energy (RE) resources that can have a pivotal role in the national energy mix as a NREA. This paper does not only provide a broad review of the current status of Libya's energy resources, but it also carries out a comprehensive resource assessment of available RE potentials. Existing utilization state and predicted development potential of various RE technologies in Libya, including solar energy, wind (onshore & offshore), biomass, wave and geothermal energy, are thoroughly investigated. Advanced technologies critically needed to enhance energy security and improve the penetration level of renewables, including hydrogen storage and energy efficiency (EE), are elaborately discussed. It is concluded that solar and onshore wind energy resources accompanied with EE measures are the major contributors, as NREA, to displace fossil fuels for energy services. The average potential of solar PV and onshore wind over the Libyan territories amounts to 1.9 MWh/kW/year and 400 W/m2, respectively. Notwithstanding, biomass and geothermal energy sources are likely to play an important complementary role in this regard.

Prospects of renewable energy as a non-rivalry energy alternative in Libya

Weighted-additive fuzzy multi-choice goal programming (WA-FMCGP) for supporting renewable energy site selection decisions

Urban land-use planning under multi-uncertainty and multiobjective considering ecosystem service value and economic benefit - A case study of Guangzhou, China

Greece is a country with a unique morphology. Having an extensive coastline and thousands of islands, the rise of the touristic industry is significant. The recent economic crisis as well as the increased infrastructure construction costs on the islands, created the urge to develop alternative and innovative transport systems. The seaplane, a modern, eco-friendly mode, allows effortless and quick connection between ports and airports from all over the country and distant coastal areas and islands. Seaplanes can be used by both residents and visitors or/and carry shipments. The research presented herein focuses on the development of a methodological framework for the evaluation of different areas for water aerodrome allocation, initially among different islands. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) was selected among the large spectrum of existing evaluation methods, because it was considered to be the most suitable approach as it gives the opportunity to use diverse criteria, both quantitative and qualitative. Significant criteria include the distance between the origin waterdrome location and protected natural areas, wave and wind data of each area, the operational cost of seaplanes and the number of passenger arrivals and departures. Weights are accorded to the criteria based on experts' opinion and applying goal programming approach. The evaluation of the alternatives takes place with the aid of the PROMETHEE method. The suggested approach is then implemented through a case study; the investigation of the potential connection of Thessaloniki, the second-largest city in Greece and a transportation hub for the southeastern Europe and the Balkans, with the Cyclades islands, in South Aegean Region.

A Combination of PROMETHEE and Goal Programming Methods for the Evaluation of Water Airport Connections

Meta-Goal Programming (MGP) is a simultaneous cognitive evaluation of the degree of achievements for original decision goals considered in a GP model. However, in most real-world situations, environmental coefficients and related parameters are not easily available. In such a situation, the decision-maker must consider various conflicting targets in a framework of uncertain aspiration levels at the same time. On the other side, Interval Programming (IP) is a method used to increase the range of available decision-maker preference structures in GP. In the perspective of solving the conflicts between agriculture and water use towards sustainability, this paper proposes an Interval Meta-Goal Programming Model (IMGPM) dealing with imprecision in data that covers interval coefficients, target intervals, and interval bounds of meta-goals. This novel methodology has been tested in a study area in Iran to validate its added value in solving conflicting uses of natural resources by economic sectors. This integration together with its application for sustainable optimal cropping patterns (agroecosystem planning) represents a novelty in the field of ecological modeling. The management solutions of our method in terms of land allocation are different from those in Sen and Pal (2013) model. In the case of Iran, many socio-ecological-economic strategies and policies should be necessary for improving the agricultural sector. More specifically, on the basis of rainfall amounts and spatial patterns, this approach can represent a decision-support system able to define strategies for additional water storage useful to support crop production. Furthermore, the availability of water together with the sustainable use of fertilizers can mitigate the risk of land degradation, guaranteeing people employment, food security, and economic profits. Although the present methodology seems to solve the problem of multi-goals decision-making, the inclusion of spatial relationships is able to introduce dependencies between the management of land use in adjacent areas, making the present approach nearer to real-world functioning. 

A new interval meta-goal programming for sustainable planning of agricultural water-land use nexus

Meta goal programing approach for solving multi-criteria de Novo programing problem

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Meta goal programing approach for solving multi-criteria de Novo programing problem