The emerging technologies for connected vehicles have become hot topics. In addition, connected vehicle applications are generally found in heterogeneous wireless networks. In such a context, user terminals face the challenge of access network selection. The method of selecting the appropriate access network is quite important for connected vehicle applications. This paper jointly considers multiple decision factors to facilitate vehicle-to-infrastructure networking, where the energy efficiency of the networks is adopted as an important factor in the network selection process. To effectively characterize users’ preference and network performance, we exploit energy efficiency, signal intensity, network cost, delay, and bandwidth to establish utility functions. Then, these utility functions and multi-criteria utility theory are used to construct an energy-efficient network selection approach. We propose design strategies to establish a joint multi-criteria utility function for network selection. Then, we model network selection in connected vehicle applications as a multi-constraint optimization problem. Finally, a multi-criteria access selection algorithm is presented to solve the built model. Simulation results show that the proposed access network selection approach is feasible and effective.

A Joint Multi-Criteria Utility-Based Network Selection Approach for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Networking

With the rapid increase in the number of mobile users, wireless access technologies are evolving to provide mobile users with high data rates and support new applications that include both human and machine-type communications. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), created by the joint installation of macro cells and a large number of densely deployed small cells, are considered an important solution to deal with the increasing network capacity demands and provide high coverage to wireless users in future fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. Due to the increasing complexity of network topology in 5G HetNets with the integration of many different base station types, in 5G architecture mobility management has many challenges. Intense deployment of small cells, along with many advantages it provides, brings important mobility management problems such as frequent handover (HO), HO failure, HO delays, ping-pong HO and high energy consumption which will result in lower user experience and heavy signal loads. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive study on the mobility management in 5G HetNet in terms of radio resource control, the initial access and registration procedure of the user equipment (UE) to the network, the paging procedure that provides the location of the UE within the network, connected mode mobility management schemes, beam level mobility and beam management. Besides, this paper addresses the challenges and suggest possible solutions for the 5G mobility management.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-on-mobility-management-in-5g-2l3vii5tht.pdf

A Comprehensive Survey on Mobility Management in 5G Heterogeneous Networks: Architectures, Challenges and Solutions

Over the past few years, the next generation of vehicular networks is envisioned to play an essential part in autonomous driving, traffic management, and infotainment applications. The next generation of intelligent vehicular networks enabled by 5G systems will integrate various heterogeneous wireless techniques to enable time-sensitive services with guaranteed quality of service and ultimate bandwidth usage. However, to allow the dense diversity of wireless technologies, seamless and reliable wireless communication protocols need to be thoroughly investigated in vehicular networks environment. Henceforth, efficient mobility management protocols that mitigate the challenges of vehicles’ mobility is essential to support massive data loads throughout various applications. In this article, we review different mobility management protocols and their ability to address issues related to 5G-enabled vehicular networks within the related works. First, we provide a broad view of existing models of vehicular networks and their applicability to the next generation of wireless networks. Next, we propose a classification of several vehicular network models that suit the 5G wireless network, followed by a thorough discussion of the mobility management challenges in each of these network models that need to be addressed and then discuss each of their benefits and drawbacks accordingly.

Mobility Management in 5G-enabled Vehicular Networks: Models, Protocols, and Classification

A novel vertical handover algorithm based on multi-attribute and neural network for heterogeneous integrated network is proposed in this paper. The whole frame of the algorithm is constructed by setting the network environment in which we use the network resources by switching between UMTS, GPRS, WLAN, 4G, and 5G. Each network build their own three-layer BP (Back Propagation, BP) neural network model and then the maximum transmission rate, minimum delay, SINR (signal to interference and noise ratio, SINR), bit error rate, user moving speed, and packet loss rate which can affect the overall performance of the wireless network are employed as reference objects to participate in the setting of BP neural network input layer neurons and the training and learning process of subsequent neural network data. Finally, the network download rate is adopted as prediction target to evaluate performance on the five wireless networks and then the vertical handover algorithm will select the right wireless network to perform vertical handover decision. The simulation results on MATLAB platform show that the vertical handover algorithm designed in this paper has a handover success rate up to 90% and realizes efficient handover and seamless connectivity between multi-heterogeneous networks.

/pdf/vertical-handover-algorithm-based-on-multi-attribute-and-371xe63m6l.pdf

Vertical handover algorithm based on multi-attribute and neural network in heterogeneous integrated network

The importance of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is increased after enabling the high band spectrum such as millimeter Wave (mmWave), in the development of the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication system. In a HetNet, small cells are suitable to operate by using mmWave due to its short-range, while macrocells are liable to use long-range radio waves. As a result, the performance of the next generations of wireless communication systems will enhance dramatically. However, the networks' architecture has become more complex and challenging to manage and optimize. Besides, the handover (HO) among small cells is another big challenge and needs to address it on a prior basis. Different techniques are proposed in the literature to improve the current network architectures. In this paper, we provide fundamental background concepts and notions used in the 5G wireless communication system. Besides, we study different HO techniques and management schemes that perform acceptably in the dynamic nature of next-generation wireless networks. Finally, the software-defined network and machine learning-based approaches are suggested as solutions for HO management in the 5G HetNet system.

Handover Management for Next-Generation Wireless Networks: A Brief Overview

Mobility management has always been a challenging and important issue for the next-generation all-IP mobile networks. Seamless mobility is one of the requirements to provide real-time services in such networks. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) has been developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a network-based mobility management protocol to support the mobility of IP devices. Although several designs have been presented in the literature to reduce the amount of PMIPv6 signalling and latency handover, they do not satisfy the real-time application requirements. In this study, the authors first propose a novel vertical handover algorithm that helps to anticipate the handover process in an efficient manner. The suggested approach is based on PMIPv6 and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) standard. The authors also added a new MIH primitive in order to indicate that a handover is needed to be done very soon. The triggering of such process is done thanks to two proposed dynamic thresholds. According to the analytical evaluation and simulation results, the proposed method guarantees a significant reduction of the handover delay and the signalling overhead, handover blocking probability and packet loss.

Smart mobility management in 5G heterogeneous networks

With the great increase of connected devices and new types of applications, mobile networks are witnessing exponential growth of traffic volume. To meet emerging requirements, it is widely agreed that the fifth‐generation mobile network will be ultradense and heterogeneous. However, the deployment of a high number of small cells in such networks poses challenges for the mobility management, including frequent, undesired, and ping‐pong handovers, not to mention issues related to increased delay and failure of the handover process. The adoption of software‐defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies into 5G networks offers a new way to address the above‐mentioned challenges. These technologies offer tools and mechanisms to make networks flexible, programmable, and more manageable. The SDN has global network control ability so that various functions such as the handover control can be implemented in the SDN architecture to manage the handover efficiently. In this article, we propose a Software‐Defined Handover (SDHO) solution to optimize the handover in future 5G networks. In particular, we design a Software‐Defined Handover Management Engine (SDHME) to handle the handover control mechanism in 5G ultradense networks. The SDHME is defined in the application plane of the SDN architecture, executed by the control plane to orchestrate the data plane. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the conventional LTE handover strategy, the proposed approach significantly reduces the handover failure ratio and handover delay.

SDN/NFV‐based handover management approach for ultradense 5G mobile networks

The wireless Internet of Things (IoT) is the future of Internet technologies in which every object around us will be connected using some kind of network to every other object, and they will have the capability to send and receive data from them. IoT will trigger a large range of use cases. One interesting and prominent use case is Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, which aim at revolutionizing the travelling experience especially within a smart city. The connected vehicles enable the exchange of information between the vehicle and its surroundings via the IoT. V2X communications face great challenges due to the special features in mobility, such as high mobility, frequent topology changes. Hence, as vehicles move in and out of the coverage areas of other vehicles, Wi-Fi and cellular base stations, and change their communication Point of Attachment (PoA), mobility management aims to provide a seamless communication by efficient handover strategies and Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection schemes. In this paper, we present a novel multi-criteria handover algorithm to select the best RAT for V2X communications. Fuzzy logic system is used to decide whether a target candidate is suitable for handover. The efficiency of our mechanism is evaluated through appropriate simulation by using OMNET++, SUMO and VeinsLTE framework. The properties of our mechanism satisfy the service continuity requirements while decreasing the V2V handover failure rate and the handover failure rate mode switch.

A Seamless Mobility Mechanism for V2V Communications

Mobile communication systems are witnessing an ongoing-increase in connected devices and new types of services. This considerable increase has led to an exponential augmentation in mobile data traffic volume. Ultradensification is a key solution aimed at satisfying the emerging requirements in next-generation 5G networks. However, the deployment of a high number of small cells and mobile nodes on the 5G networks poses challenges for the mobility management, including frequent, unnecessary and ping-pong handovers, with additional problems related to increased delay and total failure of the handover process. In this article, a novel optimized vertical handover approach is proposed to find the optimal network to connect with a good quality of service. This approach cooperates Media Independent Handover (MIH) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for seamless handover. Simulation results validate the efficiency of our proposal. Keywords— 5G Networks, Ultra Dense Networks, Media Independent Handover, Software Defined Networking, Fast Handover.

MIH/SDN-Based Vertical Handover Approach for 5G Mobile Networks.

Call admission control mechanisms play an important role in heterogeneous wireless networks where different radio access technologies will coexist to grant Quality of Service (QoS) in a network. They are used to decide whether or not an incoming service request will be accepted according to an admission constraint as well as determining in which radio access technology among the available it will be connected. In this paper, we propose an adaptive bandwidth management and call admission control scheme for heterogeneous wireless networks. The proposed scheme takes into account the separation between the incoming traffic for each class and prioritizes handoff calls over the new calls. The objectives of the proposed adaptive CAC approach are to guarantee QoS requirements of all accepted calls, reduce new call blocking probability and handoff call dropping probability and maintain efficient resource utilization.

Call admission control and adaptive bandwidth management approach for HWNs

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