The links between the psychological and physiological features of cancer risk and progression have been studied through psychoneuroimmunology. The persistent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the chronic stress response and in depression probably impairs the immune response and contributes to the development and progression of some types of cancer. Here, we overview the evidence that various cellular and molecular immunological factors are compromised in chronic stress and depression and discuss the clinical implications of these factors in the initiation and progression of cancer. The consecutive stages of the multistep immune reactions are either inhibited or enhanced as a result of previous or parallel stress experiences, depending on the type and intensity of the stressor and on the animal species, strain, sex, or age. In general, both stressors and depression are associated with the decreased cytotoxic T-cell and natural-killer-cell activities that affect processes such as immune surveillance of tumours, and with the events that modulate development and accumulation of somatic mutations and genomic instability. A better understanding of the bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems could contribute to new clinical and treatment strategies.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(04)01597-9.pdf

Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer

Although stress is linked to asthma exacerbation, underlying mechanisms are unclear Given the shared relevance to stress and asthma, select neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute stressors and their impact on pulmonary function were examined, comparing responses between students with (n = 20) and without childhood asthma (n = 16) Students were challenged with speech and math tasks Blood samples were collected five times: before tasks, immediately after first and second tasks, and 15 and 60 minutes posttasks Pulmonary function was measured four times, excluding midtask point Stress reactivity patterns did not differ between two groups However, all measures showed significant changes across the challenge Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine rose during tasks and declined after tasks, p < 001 Cortisol mainly declined after tasks, p = 03 Leukocyte count increased during tasks with increased lymphocyte percentage that declined after tasks, while neutrophil percentage changed opposite to lymphocytes, p < 001 each Changes in pulmonary function were significant, p < 05, but were not predicted by the magnitude of neuroendocrine and immune changes Instead, neuroendocrine and immune levels explained 33%-51% of variance on concurrent pulmonary function Findings indicate that acute stress induces significant neuroendocrine and immune changes that can affect pulmonary function However, stress reactivity needs further investigation with larger samples and people with a more severe form of asthma

Neuroendocrine and leukocyte responses and pulmonary function to acute stressors

Objective—To determine the effects of resveratrol (RES) on growth and immune status in chickens receiving conventional vaccinations. Animals—Two hundred forty 1-day-old layer chickens. Procedures—Chickens received conventional vaccinations throughout the study and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in 6 replicate pens/treatment. Treatments included 1 control group (basal diet) and 3 experimental groups fed the basal diet plus 200, 400, and 800 mg of RES/kg of diet. At 40 days of age, 1 bird/pen was randomly selected to have blood and tissues collected to determine serum immunity indices; mRNA relative expression of proinflammatory cytokines in splenocytes; mRNA relative expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB, growth hormone receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in hepatocytes; cell proliferation; and apoptosis. Results—Average daily gain, antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza viruses H5 and H9, and insulin-like growth factor-1 expression were quadratically increased with increasing RES concentration. In hepatocytes, growth hormone receptor gene mRNA relative expression was quadratically increased and nuclear transcription factor-κB gene mRNA relative expression was linearly decreased with increasing RES concentration. In splenocytes, nterleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA relative expression was linearly decreased with increasing RES concentration. Resveratrol supplementation delayed cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis in immunocytes. With increasing RES concentration, proliferation index and relative weight of the thymus, ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells, and CD4+ cell count were quadratically increased, and IgM concentration was linearly increased. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary resveratrol supplementation improved growth, protected immunocytes against antigen-induced apoptosis, and upregulated immune response in chickens that received conventional vaccinations.

Modulation of growth and immunity by dietary supplementation with resveratrol in young chickens receiving conventional vaccinations.

https://www.journalofosteopathicmedicine.com/article/S1443-8461(02)80004-1/pdf

Osteopathic perturbation and immune network compensation

Chronic caregiving stress alters peripheral blood immune parameters: The role of age and severity of stress RID B-1297-2011

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Chronic caregiving stress alters peripheral blood immune parameters: The role of age and severity of stress RID B-1297-2011