Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis

Background. The natural course of adult hepatitis B virus (HBV)—related membranous nephropathy in areas where HBV infection is endemic (characterized by vertical and horizontal transmissio...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199105233242103

Membranous nephropathy related to hepatitis B virus in adults.

https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(12)80284-8/pdf

Prognostic Factors in Mesangial IgA Glomerulonephritis: An Extensive Study With Univariate and Multivariate Analyses

Hepatitis B infection and renal disease: clinical, immunopathogenetic and therapeutic considerations.

Endothelial injury is important in the pathogenesis of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and vasculitis. The ability of several common human viruses to infect cultures of endothelial cells obtained from human umbilical veins or bovine thoracic aorta was demonstrated. Indicators of infection included cytopathology, viral growth curves, and antigen detection by immunofluorescence. Herpes simplex virus type 1, adenovirus type 7, measles virus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 infected both human venous and bovine aorta endothelium. Mumps virus, poliovirus type 1, and echovirus type 9 grew only in human venous cells; coxsackievirus B4 infected only bovine arterial cultures; and cytomegalovirus, influenza A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) virus, and respiratory syncytial virus failed to grow in either cell culture. During replication some viruses caused acute lytic changes; some produced chronic, less destructive alterations; and other induced no apparent cytopathology. The results suggest that viral replication within endothelium may be important in the pathogenesis of viral disease of initiation of vessel-wall injury.

Virus infection of endothelial cells.

The frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been studied in the sera and renal biopsies of 276 patients with various forms of glomerulonephritis (GN), the nephrotic syndrome and other nephropathies Using a modified Hepanosticon method, HBs antigenemia was detected in 32 of 196 patients (163%) with immune complex (IC) GN and the nephrotic syndrome Indirect immunofluorescence revealed HBsAg in 33 renal biopsy tissue specimens (168%) HBsAg was found in the sera of four of the 80 remaining patients with other renal diseases (5%), and in the renal biopsy tissues of another four (5%) Antibody against HBsAg could only be demonstrated in the serum of one glomerulonephritic patient The sera of 18,799 normal blood donors were used as controls; of these 186 (099%) had positive tests for HBsAg It is concluded that, in some patients with GN and the nephrotic syndrome, HBsAg-containing IC may be implicated in the development and/or progression of the disease

The role of hepatitis B surface antigen in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies.

More on IgA glomerulonephritis and HLA antigens.

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The role of hepatitis B surface antigen in the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies.

More on IgA glomerulonephritis and HLA antigens.