Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications.

Hydrophilic polymers are the center of research emphasis in nanotechnology because of their perceived “intelligence”. They can be used as thin films, scaffolds, or nanoparticles in a wide range of biomedical and biological applications. Here we highlight recent developments in engineering uncrosslinked and crosslinked hydrophilic polymers for these applications. Natural, biohybrid, and synthetic hydrophilic polymers and hydrogels are analyzed and their thermodynamic responses are discussed. In addition, examples of the use of hydrogels for various therapeutic applications are given. We show how such systems’ intelligent behavior can be used in sensors, microarrays, and imaging. Finally, we outline challenges for the future in integrating hydrogels into biomedical applications.

/pdf/hydrogels-in-biology-and-medicine-from-molecular-principles-3lowrzjjsl.pdf

Hydrogels in Biology and Medicine: From Molecular Principles to Bionanotechnology†

Hydrogel delivery systems can leverage therapeutically beneficial outcomes of drug delivery and have found clinical use. Hydrogels can provide spatial and temporal control over the release of various therapeutic agents, including small-molecule drugs, macromolecular drugs and cells. Owing to their tunable physical properties, controllable degradability and capability to protect labile drugs from degradation, hydrogels serve as a platform in which various physiochemical interactions with the encapsulated drugs control their release. In this Review, we cover multiscale mechanisms underlying the design of hydrogel drug delivery systems, focusing on physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel network and the hydrogel-drug interactions across the network, mesh, and molecular (or atomistic) scales. We discuss how different mechanisms interact and can be integrated to exert fine control in time and space over the drug presentation. We also collect experimental release data from the literature, review clinical translation to date of these systems, and present quantitative comparisons between different systems to provide guidelines for the rational design of hydrogel delivery systems.

/pdf/designing-hydrogels-for-controlled-drug-delivery-3k03j5j2j9.pdf

Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery.

Biomaterials have played an enormous role in the success of medical devices and drug delivery systems. We discuss here new challenges and directions in biomaterials research. These include synthetic replacements for biological tissues, designing materials for specific medical applications, and materials for new applications such as diagnostics and array technologies.

Designing materials for biology and medicine

We have used the pH-induced self-assembly of a peptide-amphiphile to make a nanostructured fibrous scaffold reminiscent of extracellular matrix. The design of this peptide-amphiphile allows the nanofibers to be reversibly cross-linked to enhance or decrease their structural integrity. After cross-linking, the fibers are able to direct mineralization of hydroxyapatite to form a composite material in which the crystallographic c axes of hydroxyapatite are aligned with the long axes of the fibers. This alignment is the same as that observed between collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite crystals in bone.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/294/5547/1684.full.pdf

Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers

Implantate und biologisch abbaubare bezugsmarkierungen

Methods, and apparatus of forming in situ tissue adherent barriers are provided using a sprayer (90) capable of applying two or more viscous cross linking solutions to tissue. The sprayer (90) comprises separate spray nozzles (98, 100) for each of two or more cross linking solutions, wherein each nozzle (98, 100) is in communication with a gas pressurized chamber (48) also may include valves (52) that prevent back flow through the supply lines (99, 101) carrying the cross linking solutions, and a venting system (106, 108) for venting excess pressure for laparoscopic applications. In the presence of gas flow, the cross linking solutions are atomized, and mixed to form a spray. Multi-component hydrogel systems suitable for use with the inventive methods, and apparatus are also described.

Apparatus for in situ formation of hydrogels

A method and apparatus for molding polymeric structures in vivo is disclosed. The structures comprise polymers that may be heated to their molding temperature by absorption of visible or near-visible wavelengths of light. By providing a light source that produces radiation of the wavelength absorbed by the polymeric material, the material may be selectively heated and shaped in vivo without a corresponding heating of adjacent tissues or fluids to unacceptable levels. The apparatus comprises a catheter (10) having a shaping element (12) positioned near its distal end. An emitter (15) provided with light from at least one optical fiber (18) is positioned within the shaping element. The emitter serves to provide a moldable polymeric article (19) positioned on the shaping element with a substantially uniform light field, thereby allowing the article to be heated and molded at a desired treatment site in a body lumen.

Apparatus, product and use related to intraluminal photothermoforming

Use of embolic material that is biodegradable provides for embolizing a hypervascular vessel formed in response to chronic inflammation in a musculoskeletal vasculature or a vessel related to production of ghrelin. The embolic material is biodegradable within a predetermined period of time. Medical systems are configured for delivery of embolic material for embolizing the hypervascular vessel or the vessel related to production of ghrelin.

Embolization with transient materials

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a biodegradable and biocompatible macromer capable of forming a hydrogel more elastic than a conventional hydrogel by rapidly polymerizing in vivo. SOLUTION: The water-soluble macromer includes at least one hydrolysable linkage formed from carbonate or dioxanone groups, at least one water-soluble polymeric block, and at least one polymerizable group. The method of preparation and use thereof are also provided. The macromer is preferably polymerized using a free radical initiator under the influence of long wavelength ultraviolet light or visible light excitation. Biodegradation occurs at the linkages within the extension oligomers and results in fragments which are non-toxic and easily removed from the body. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Polymerizable biodegradable polymer including carbonate or dioxanone linkage

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