SUMMARYIn recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.

Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19

The Veterinary Clinics of North America

Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice

© The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The recent report by Caly et al., describing the antiviral potential of ivermectin against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro arrive to the agenda of potential candidates for COVID-19 treatment [1]. This discovery gave hope to the researchers who are screening for drugs that can be repurposed for treating the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ivermectin, is a member of the avermectin family (Fig. 1); as these compounds are produced by the soil microorganism, Streptomyces avermitilis, they are called avermectins [2]. Ivermectin has showed a wide range of activities, ranging from broad-spectrum endo/ ecto-parasiticide activity to antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer activities [3]. It was first introduced commercially in 1981 for use in animals. In addition to being used for treating billions of livestock and companion animals worldwide to help maintain food production and animal health, ivermectin is also used for treating several diseases in humans, e.g. a key drug in the elimination programs of onchocercosis [3, 4]. Ivermectin is considered a drug of choice for various parasitic diseases. As an anthelmintic drug, its mechanism of action in invertebrates mainly involves the opening of glutamate-gated and Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels, leading to increased conductance of chloride ions and causing subsequent motor paralysis in parasites [5]. This is not the first time that ivermectin has exhibited antiviral potential against human and animal viruses. The first report on the in vivo effectiveness of ivermectin against viruses demonstrated its effect against parvoviruses in a freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) model [6]. This broad-spectrum endo/ecto-parasiticide has exhibited potent antiviral effects against several ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, such as Zika virus [7], influenza A virus [8], Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [9], West Nile virus [10], porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [11], Newcastle disease virus [12], chikungunya virus [13], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) [14], yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus [15]. However, the in vivo antiviral potential of ivermectin has only been reported against the West Nile virus [10] and Newcastle disease virus [12]. It has been demonstrated that ivermectin showed strong antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus at a concentration of 100 μg/ ml, and exerted cytotoxicity in primary chick fibroblast cells [12]. Ivermectin has also exhibited antiviral activity against deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses, such as the pseudorabies virus [16], porcine circovirus 2 [17], parvoviruses [6], and bovine herpesvirus 1 [18]. However, the in vivo antiviral potential of ivermectin has only been reported against the pseudorabies virus [16] and parvoviruses [6]. In the study by Caly et al., Vero-hSLAM cells were treated with ivermectin after 2 h of SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in ~5000-fold reduction in viral RNA Open Access Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials

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Ivermectin, a new candidate therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

During December 2019, a novel coronavirus virus (2019-nCov) emerged in China, which posed an International Public Health Emergency in a couple of weeks, and very recently attained the position of a very high-risk category by World Health Organization (WHO). This virus was named the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), and the disease referred to as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). Till March 8, 2020, the virus has claimed the lives of nearly 3,600 humans out a total of approximately 110,000 confirmed cases affected by this infection. The present editorial is a brief overview highlighting the most salient features and facts with regards to COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection, its causative virus (SARS-CoV-2), the current worldwide scenario, recent developments and currently ongoing progresses to contain and control this disease which have now spread to more than 100 countries across the globe. Of note, worldwide researchers and various health agencies are all together doing their best to halt the spread of this virus and avoid any possible pandemic situation to be faced, which otherwise would threaten the lives of millions of human beings.

/pdf/covid-19-an-emerging-coronavirus-infection-current-scenario-44b5zk40eg.pdf

Covid-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: Current scenario and recent developments - An overview

Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.

/pdf/advances-in-diagnosis-of-respiratory-diseases-of-small-2zc1tlvpm7.pdf

Advances in Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants

Background and Aim Adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) contains a heterogeneous cell population comprising multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. Regenerative therapy using adipose-derived SVF has broad applications in bone tissue engineering due to the superior osteogenic potential of SVF. This study was designed to standardize and characterize adipose-derived SVF obtained from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering and other potential applications. Materials and Methods Ten skeletally mature and clinically healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The SVF was prepared using surgically resected interscapular adipose tissue following enzymatic digestion with 0.1% collagenase type I solution. The SVF pellet obtained after the final centrifugation step was suspended in a 0.5 mL control solution to obtain ready-to-use adipose-derived SVF. The freshly prepared SVF was characterized based on the total SVF cell count and cell yield per gram of adipose tissue. The SVF cells were enumerated using a hemocytometer. Results Interscapular adipose tissue depots are ideal for preparing autologous adipose-derived SVF due to the ease of access. The interscapular adipose-derived SVF prepared by enzymatic digestion had an average cell yield of 3.15±0.09×106 cells/g adipose tissue. Freshly prepared SVF had a total cell count of 3.15±0.09×104 cells/μL. Conclusion The enzymatic digestion of adipose tissue using 0.1% collagenase resulted in better cell yield per gram than methods previously reported in rabbits. The use of adipose-derived SVF can preclude the requirement for an additional culture period. In addition, it may also reduce the risk of extensive cell contamination, which makes it a safe and cost-effective strategy for bone tissue engineering applications.

/pdf/standardization-and-characterization-of-adipose-derived-5bb1x77oq3.pdf

Standardization and characterization of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction from New Zealand white rabbits for bone tissue engineering.

Among various attributed features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), immuno-compromise/immuno-evasive, and immuno-modulation and/anti-inflammatory properties have an important role to play in the therapeutics. The immuno-compromised feature makes them suitable for allogeneic and/xenogeneic application while immuno-modulation and/ anti-inflammatory properties facilitate the healing process. Immuno-compromised feature is attributed to their minimal ability to express MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules. The immune regulation may be achieved through their direct contact to immune cells and/by paracrine effect. Currently, a very limited control can be exerted on these features of MSCs. An extensive available literature has demonstrated these properties of MSCs, although some studies have reported otherwise. The current chapter deliberates on the immuno-modulatory and/anti-inflammatory features of MSCs in veterinary species.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immuno-Modulatory and/Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Stem cell (SC) concept is one of the important research areas seen to bring new vistas in the biological science and/or medicine. Various stem cell types have been identified including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are present in almost all the body parts of an individual and carry the specialized stemness property, in addition to the immuno-modulation, plasticity and homing. These cells are studied for their therapeutic applications due to lack of any ethical issue together with a limited ability to develop tumour. However, there is dearth of understanding in their basic specialized physiological properties and as such definitive clinical applications are restricted. The current chapter details various stem cell types and discusses the characteristic properties of the stem cells with special focus on MSCs.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Its Properties

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have characteristic properties, the expression of which is being determined by the available microenvironment/niche. Extensive ex vivo studies have been conducted, aimed at understanding the effects of various niche based signals on MSCs. Numerous microenvironment cues studied include the cell, chemical and mechanical, and of the topography. The available conducted studies have mostly focused on limited and isolated cues. An ex vivo system is less extensive with more controllability. In contrast, in vivo system exposes them to an uncontrolled environment of numerous simultaneous cues. The ex vivo results of MSCs therefore may not be recapitulated under in vivo environment unless many simaltaneous cues aping in vivo environment are studied. The current chapter focuses on the MSCs fate under various cues in ex vivo system.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Properties and Available Microenvironment

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